强还原土壤灭菌处理对人参连作土壤细菌群落结构及土壤酶活的影响

强还原土壤灭菌（reductive soil disinfestation,RSD）和土壤熏蒸（soil fumigation,SF）是缓解人参连作障碍的常用方法。为研究2种方法对土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性的影响,采用高通量测序技术和化学分析方法对强还原土壤灭菌加氯化苦熏蒸（RSD+SF）、强还原土壤灭菌加复合菌（RSD+F）、氯化苦熏蒸加复合菌（SF+F）3种方式改良的土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明,RSD+F组细菌群落多样性与丰富度均最高,SF+F组均最低,3组拥有相同细菌菌属431个。RSD+SF组中,丰富度最高的细菌为Gemmatimonas,其丰富度为9.17%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为norank_f_noranko_Gaiellales,其丰富度为8.72%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为Bacillus,其丰富度为9.16%;Bacillus为3种方式改良土壤前10种优势菌群中共有的优势菌群。土壤酶活性与土壤细菌群落结构存在显著性关系,随着生长时间的增加,不同方式改良后的连作人参土壤酶活性均具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。由此可知,3种土壤改良方式均能在不同程度地增加有益细菌属的丰富度并提高土壤酶活性,其中RSD+SF组和RSD+F组的有益细菌属数量及土壤酶活性均高于SF+F组。     

基于DELMIA拖拉机驾驶室人机系统静态舒适性分析

拖拉机驾驶室作为操纵拖拉机的作业场所,其设计合理性对驾驶员的安全性、舒适性及作业效率具有重要影响。基于此,依托DELMIA人因工程学仿真分析软件建立第5、50和95百分位驾驶员人机系统模型,对驾驶员的视野、上肢伸展域、坐姿舒适度及换挡舒适性等静态舒适性进行分析与评价。结果表明,各体型驾驶员工作视野开阔,上肢可达性良好,第50百分位驾驶员驾驶坐姿舒适性略优于第5和95百分位驾驶员,第5和50百分位驾驶员换挡姿势舒适性优于第95百分位驾驶员,驾驶室整体布局合理,人机匹配性良好。     

石门国家森林公园不同林分秋季保健功能差异比较和综合评价

开展不同林分保健功能的差异研究和综合评价,能为今后森林康养林的构建与管理提供科学依据。在2019年秋季（9-11月）森林康养旅游高峰期,选取广东省广州市石门国家森林公园中毛竹林、亚热带季风常绿阔叶林、枫香林、杉木林和枫香杉木混交林5种林分,并设置无林地对照组,分析人体舒适度、空气富氧度、负离子保健浓度和植物精气4个指标,采用隶属函数值对不同林分的保健功能进行综合评价。结果表明:1）5种林分的人体舒适度均处于Ⅰ级非常舒适水平,其中杉木林最佳（2.70）,无林地对照组处于Ⅱ级舒适水平。2）5种林分和无林地对照组的空气富氧度均处于Ⅱ级较高水平,其中枫香杉木混交林的O₂浓度最高（21.17%）,且5种林分的O₂浓度均高于空气中氧气的含量（20.95%）。3）5种林分的负离子保健浓度均处于Ⅲ级较适宜水平以上,其中亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的负离子浓度（7 234个·cm^-3）约为其他林分的3~5倍,处于Ⅰ级很适宜水平,无林地对照组处于Ⅳ级不适宜水平。4）5种林分的植物精气相对含量均较低（<10%）,其中亚热带季风常绿阔叶林植物精气的种类和相对含量均显著高于其他4种林分。5）根据隶属函数值大小,不同林分的综合保健功能强弱依次为亚热带季风常绿阔叶林（0.75）＞枫香杉木混交林（0.61）＞杉木林（0.57）＞枫香林（0.46）＞毛竹林（0.44）＞无林地对照组（0.00）。在秋季,5种不同林分的综合保健功能均优于无林地对照组,尤其是亚热带季风常绿阔叶林,非常适合游客进行森林康养游憩。     

联合收获机知识组织与知识库系统研究

针对联合收获机知识缺乏系统化组织与分类、难以在设计时高效获取并应用的问题,应用装备谱系及谱系拓扑图形式对联合收获机知识进行层次化组织;按照联合收获机智能化设计实际应用需求,对知识库系统功能模块进行架构分析;分析了农机装备设计知识的表现形式,综合利用产生式规则和框架表示的混合表示方法对设计过程进行分析和表达,建立了设计体系。以Visual Studio 2015平台为开发工具,在.Net环境下,应用ADO.Net技术、CATIA二次开发技术及SQL Server数据库,将联合收获机设计知识、参数化模型等数字化资源融和,进行组织管理,构建了联合收获机知识库系统。通过人机交互的方式,将知识表达形成的设计体系系统化,应用模糊查询方法、推理机和ADO.Net技术实现系统中知识的查询、推理及编辑功能,并将知识推送的结果传递给关联的参数化模型驱动,在不同需求下快速构建模型,实现了知识的高效获取与应用,提高了设计效率,为联合收获机零部件设计提供了一种通用方法。系统测试表明,该系统具有可行性和有效性,适用于联合收获机系列产品的开发。     

天津市农业绿色发展水平的综合评价

为客观评价天津市农业绿色发展水平,本文从农业资源合理利用、产地环境、生态保护能力、人居环境治理和绿色生产能力五个方面建立指标体系,运用层次分析法对2010—2018年间天津市农业绿色发展水平开展评价。评价结果显示,天津市农业绿色发展指数由2010年的0.29提高到了2018年的0.94,增幅非常显著;2015年以来,有关农业绿色发展的政策密集出台,导致此后天津市农业绿色发展的综合水平和各分项指标都呈现快速增长的态势。通过对比分析发现,天津市在农业高效节水灌溉、生活污水处理、产地环境治理等方面仍存在不足,这也是未来工作的重点。     

The duality of teleost gonadotropins

The duality of salmon gonadotropins has been proved by biochemical, biological, and immunological characterization of two chemically distinc gonadotropins. GTH I and GTH II were equipotent in stimulating estradiol production, whereas GTH II appears to be more potent in stimulating maturational steroid synthesis. The ratio of plasma levels and pituitary contents of GTHs and the secretory control by a GnRH suggest that GTH I is the predominant GTH during vitellogenesis and early stages of spermatogenesis in salmonids, whereas GTH II is predominant at the time of spermiation and ovulation. GTH I and GTH II are found in distinctly separate cells. In trout, GTH I is expressed first in ontogeny, whereas GTH II cells appear coincident with the onset of spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis, and increase dramatically at the time of final reproductive maturation. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides and the base sequences of cDNA revealed that salmon GTH I β is more similar to bovine FSHβ than bovine LHβ and salmon GTH II β shows higher homology to bovine LHβ than to bovine FSHβ. The existence of two pituitary gonadotropins in teleosts as well as tetrapods suggests that the divergence of the GTH gene took place earlier than the time of divergence of teleosts from the main line of evolution leading to tetrapods.     

中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育过程中的消化酶活力及氨基酸组成

采用生物化学方法测定了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)胚胎发育过程中7个发育期的5种水解酶(类胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂酶和纤维素酶)活力和氨基酸的组成。结果表明，胚胎发育各阶段消化酶活力及氨基酸组成的变化与其发育关系密切。在整个胚胎发育过程中，类胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活力呈“高-低-高”的变化趋势，脂酶则呈现逐渐上升的趋势，而淀粉酶的变化趋势不明显。但在原蚤状幼体期，5种酶的活力均显著升高，这与孵化后幼体开口摄食的自身调控机理有关。可溶性蛋白质的含量呈“低-高-低”的变化趋势，明显与相关酶的活力有关。氨基酸含量在前6期变化不大，在原蚤状幼体期显著下降。所有氨基酸中，谷氨酸的含量最高；必需氨基酸中以亮氨酸的含量最高，并且单个必需氨基酸含量与必需氨基酸总量的比值(A／E)在胚胎发育不同阶段略有差异，但基本趋于一致。     

The interrelations of good welfare indicators assessed in working horses and their relationships with the type of work

This paper presents a different approach to the welfare of working horses through the indicators of good welfare, their interrelations and their relationships with the type of work performed by the horses. 697 working horses were assessed by using observation, behavioural tests, clinical exams and questionnaires. The correlated results highlight the complex and multiple interrelations between the good welfare indicators, showing once again that animal welfare is under the influence of all its three dimensions (physical and emotional wellbeing and naturalness). In working horses, the heavier the work they perform is, the more important it is for horse owners/breeders/farmers to fulfil their inherent needs so as to help them cope with the multiple specific risks imposed by their work.     

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.     

宿根矮化病菌侵染后甘蔗防御酶活性变化

[目的]研究接种甘蔗宿根矮化病（Ratoon stuning disease,RSD）菌后甘蔗防御酶活性的变化,为进一步探明甘蔗与RSD病菌的互作机制提供理论依据.[方法]以温汤脱毒后的甘蔗品种桂糖1 1号（GT11）为材料,设RSD菌液浸种为处理,ddH2O浸种为对照,测定甘蔗茎、叶不同时期超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）等5种防御酶活性变化.[结果]在RSD病菌胁迫下,甘蔗茎和叶片中相关防御酶活性均有所变化,茎中除APX活性一直高于对照外,其他酶活性均表现为在90 d时低于对照,180d时高于对照;叶中除POD活性一直高于对照外,其他酶活性在90 d时高于对照,180 d时低于对照.[结论]在RSD病菌胁迫下,甘蔗茎和叶片中CAT、SOD、POD、APX及GR活性均有所提高,随着胁迫时间的延长在茎中出现逐渐高于对照的趋势,叶片则与此相反.