Traditional antibacterial activity of freshwater microalga Spirulina platensis to aquatic pathogens

The crude ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) have been investigated for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion assays against various strains of fish and shellfish pathogens e.g. Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 49128; PP1, PP2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 35032; PA1, PA2), Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF1, PF2), Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC 49140; AH1, AH2, AH3, AH4), Vibrio alginolyticus (VA), Vibrio anguillarum (VAN), Vibrio fluvialis (VF), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP), Vibrio harveyi (VH), Vibrio fisheri (VFS), Edwardsiella tarda and animal isolates of Escherichia coli (O115, O1, O156, O164, O111 and O109). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts were determined using the tube dilution method. Ethanolic extract showed comparatively higher antibacterial activity (15.66 mm) than that of methanolic and aqueous extract of S. platensis along with their respective MIC values, ranging from 100 to 150 μg mL^?1. The aqueous extract had no effective antibacterial activity against the test microorganism. The study suggested that S. platensis may have potential use in aqua feed as an antimicrobial agent of pharmaceutical interest.     

螺旋藻与节旋藻营养价值的比较研究

对3株实验室藻种（节旋藻ouqdSM、ouqdS8,螺旋藻FACHB351）和已大规模培养的无棣产富施特牌螺旋藻粉（藻种节旋藻ouqdS6-6）的营养成分进行了比较分析。结果表明,4株藻的灰分含量为ouqdSM〉FACHB351〉无棣产藻粉〉ouqdS8;总糖含量为ouqdS8〉无棣产藻粉〉ouqdSM〉FACHB351,多糖含量为无棣产藻粉〉FACHB351〉ouqdSM〉ouqdS8;藻胆蛋白含量为FACHB351〉无棣产藻粉〉ouqdS8〉ouqdSM;氨基酸总量为无棣产藻粉〉FACHB351〉ouqdSM〉ouqdS8。综合分析,无棣产藻粉的营养价值较高,螺旋藻FACHB351次之。     

Effects of dried fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae meal on pigmentation and carotenoid deposition in flowerhorn cichlid; Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864) × Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Günther, 1867)

We investigated the effects of dried fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae meal (FS) on skin pigmentation and carotenoid deposition in flowerhorn cichlid. Six experimental diets including three treatments of FS at 10% (FS10), 20% (FS20) and 30% (FS30), two dried Spirulina sp. meal (SP) at 6% (SP6) and 12% (SP12), and a control diet (a basal diet without FS or SP) were offered for 90 days. The results demonstrate an increase in the flowerhorn cichlid skin pigmentation from alternative carotenoid feeding. Fish fed the FS diet displayed higher (P ≤ 0.05) chroma and redness values than those fed with a SP diet. The hue value (measure for skin pigmentation) was high when fish were fed with FS20 for 30 and 60 days (P ≤ 0.01). However, fish also showed high hue values when fed for 90 days with FS10 (P ≤ 0.01). The FS20 treatment gave better results than other treatments in terms of total carotenoid, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and β‐carotene concentration in the skin and musculature. The optimum level of FS in flowerhorn cichlid diets for achieving the highest skin pigmentation was 20%.     

不同氮源及配比对钝顶螺旋藻的影响研究

本文就不同氮肥及其添加量对钝顶螺旋藻的生长量和蛋白质含量等方面进行了研究和探讨.结果表明:量添加尿素和碳酸氢铵都有助于钝顶螺旋藻生长量和蛋白质含量的增加,尿素的最佳添加量为0.02g/L·d,碳酸铵的最佳添加量为0.03g/L ·d.     

螺旋藻对中华鳖生长和体组成及血清生化指标的影响

将初始体质量(37.44±0.18) g的试验用中华鳖分为4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复40只,分别用不添加(对照)或分别添加5%、8%、10%的螺旋藻所制成的饲料连续投喂12周,研究螺旋藻对中华鳖生长、体组成及血清生化指标的影响。结果显示:添加8%螺旋藻的中华鳖的成活率、体质量增长率和特定生长率均显著高于其他处理的(P0.05),其他各处理间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);添加8%螺旋藻的中华鳖的粗脂肪、总氨酸、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量最高;与对照相比,饲料中添加了螺旋藻的中华鳖的粗蛋白含量均上升,添加5%螺旋藻的中华鳖血清中总蛋白和白蛋白含量均为最高,且白蛋白含量显著高于对照(P0.05);饲料中添加螺旋藻,中华鳖血清中甘油三酯含量无显著变化(P0.05),谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05),随添加量的增加,总胆固醇含量逐渐降低。可见,饲料中添加适量的螺旋藻可提高中华鳖的体质量增长率、成活率和特定生长率,提高营养水平和风味,螺旋藻添加量为8%时,促生长效果最好,肌肉中的氨基酸含量最高,能提高中华鳖的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,降低粗灰分含量和血清的总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量,有利于中华鳖体内蛋白沉积,改善中华鳖的品质,有利于降低血脂;螺旋藻添加量为5%时,中华鳖血清的总蛋白和白蛋白含量最高,谷丙转氨酶活性最低,有助于改善肝功能。本研究条件下,中华鳖饲料中螺旋藻适宜添加量为5%～8%。     

Selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis promotes proliferation of hepatocytes in rat partial hepatectomy

AIM: To explore the effects of selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis (Se-SP) on proliferation of hepatocytes in rat hepatectomy. METHODS: Rat hepaectomy model was conducted using male Wistar rats. The rats were randomized into five groups: operation groups with 150 (H), 50 (M) and 15 (L) mg·kg^-1·d^-1 of Se-SP, placebo-control (P) and sham operation group (F). Activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductases (TR) in hepatocytes were determined by chemical colorimetry. The expression index of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in hepatocytes was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the level of ［³H］-TDR incorporation in regenerative hepatocytes was analyzed by radio-immunity. RESULTS: Activity of GPx and TR, PCNA expression index as well as ［3H］-TDR insertion in hepatocytes (in vitro) were obviously higher (P<0.05) in L groups than those in P and F groups. All parameters were significant changed (P<0.05) after operation in H, M, L and P groups whereas some slightly change in F group. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that the levels of GPx and TR in hepatocytes all showed positive correlation with PCNA expression (r²=0.77 and 0.87, respectively) and with ［³H］-TDR incorporation level (r² = 0.73 and 0.84, respectively) in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION: Se-SP enhances hepatocyte proliferation in rat hepatectomy, up-regulation of selenoenzymes might be responsible for this effect.     

Apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of microalgae Spirulina platensis as an ingredient in broiler chicken diets

ABSTRACT

1. This work investigates the apparent metabolisable energy (AME), its nitrogen-corrected form (AMEn) and amino acid (AA) digestibility coefficients of the microalgae Spirulina platensis as an ingredient in broiler chicken diets.

2. One group of birds was fed with a basal control diet (BD), and another was fed with a test diet composed of the BD with the addition of the microalgae at a proportion of 200 g/kg. AME and AMEn were assessed by total excreta collection and indigestibility analysis using acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as a marker.

3. The microalgae comprised 888.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), 18.42 MJ/kg gross energy, 514.7 g/kg crude protein, 9.9 g/kg ether extract, 10.6 g/kg crude fibre, 94.4 g/kg ash, 3.1 g/kg Ca and 11.0 g/kg P.

4. The values obtained for AME (13.48 MJ/kg DM) and AMEn (11.72 MJ/kg DM) were higher (p < 0.01) than those obtained using the AIA method (9.39–8.29 MJ/kg DM). The microalgae ileal digestibility coefficients were 0.80 ± 0.04 and 0.78 ± 0.04 for essential and non-essential AA, respectively.

5. Overall, the metabolisable energy content and digestibility of AA for S. platensis indicated that the microalgae are potentially an alternative nutrient source for broilers. The AIA method underestimated AME and AMEn in comparison to the total excreta collection method.     

螺旋藻抗炎和免疫增强作用的研究

试验旨在探讨螺旋藻抗炎作用及其对机体免疫功能的影响。试验通过二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,构建小鼠体内炎症模型,以地塞米松为阳性对照药物,以小鼠耳肿胀为观察指标,探讨螺旋藻的体内抗炎作用;通过环磷酰胺构建小鼠免疫抑制模型,以不同剂量螺旋藻处理后测定免疫抑制小鼠及正常小鼠的脏器指数、血清白细胞介素2（IL-2）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、干扰素γ（IFN-γ）水平,同时结合脾脏及胸腺病理组织学观察,探讨螺旋藻对免疫抑制小鼠及正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明,在螺旋藻对小鼠体内抗炎作用影响的试验中,0.3%螺旋藻灌胃对小鼠耳肿胀的抑制率极显著高于地塞米松对照组和其他螺旋藻处理组（P<0.01）,且螺旋藻对各试验组小鼠的脏器指数无不良影响,差异不显著（P>0.05）;在螺旋藻对小鼠免疫功能影响试验中,与空白对照组相比,环磷酰胺阳性对照组脾脏指数和胸腺指数极显著下降（P<0.01）;肝脏指数极显著上升（P<0.01）,其它各剂量螺旋藻处理组小鼠胸腺指数跟空白对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,各组小鼠血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平差异不显著（P>0.05）;通过病理组织学观察发现,环磷酰胺阳性对照组小鼠的脾小体萎缩、胸腺小体减少、淋巴细胞及网状细胞变性坏死,而各剂量螺旋藻处理组的脾小体和胸腺小体结构清晰完整、淋巴细胞增多。综上,螺旋藻能降低地塞米松和环磷酰胺对小鼠的免疫抑制,并且能修复小鼠脾脏和胸腺损伤,说明其在抗炎和缓解免疫抑制方面具有一定的作用。     

2,4-D和6-BA对提高钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis Geitler)生物产量的效应

２．４－Ｄ和６－ＢＡ对于钝顶螺旋藻藻株Ｄ和藻株Ｅ的生物产量具有明显的提高趋势。其最适浓度为：６－ＢＡ１０ｍｇ／Ｌ,２．４－Ｄ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ（对藻株Ｄ）和１ｍｇ／Ｌ（对藻株Ｅ）。藻株Ｆ的生物产量基本上不受２．４－Ｄ和６－ＢＡ的影响。     

Supplementary effect of spirulina on hematological status of rats during pregnancy and lactation

The effect of Spirulina on iron status was assessed based on hemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and ferritin levels of rats during pregnancy and lactation. Rats were fed 5 different kinds of diets (casein, Spirulina, wheat gluten, Spirulina + wheat gluten, Spirulina without additional vitamins and minerals) each providing 22 percent protein. Diets containing Spirulina alone or in combination with wheat gluten resulted in significantly higher iron storage and hemoglobin contents than casein and wheat gluten diets during the first half of pregnancy and lactation. Wheat gluten diet result in the smallest increase in hemoglobin levels and iron stores compared to other diets. The values of serum iron and iron binding capacity remained unchanged with different diets. Spirulina appears to be effective in improving the iron status of rats during pregnancy and lactation.