Characterization of core collection of lentil germplasm for phenology, morphology, seed and straw yields

Increasing and maintaining crop residues in predominantly cereal-based rotations of the US Pacific Northwest is critical to controlling soil erosion. The core collection of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) germplasm comprising 287 accessions was evaluated for variation in phenological, morphological and growth parameters including seed yields and residue amounts over a two-year period under conventional tillage and no-till conditions. The objectives of this study were (i) assess lentil genetic variation in germplasm for variation in biomass production and seed yield, (ii) assess the relationship of phenological and morphological traits with biomass and seed yield and (iii) identify high biomass producing germplasm for use as parents in the breeding program. Days to flowering and days to maturity ranged from 31 to 78 and from 71 to 106 days, respectively. Time to flowering in terms of cumulative heat units was a more efficient measurement than days to flowering. Plant height and plant canopy width had a significant association with total biomass, seed yield and residue amounts. Total biomass ranged from 788–6389 kg ha^–1 under conventional tillage, while the range under no-till conditions was 1045–6195 kg ha^–1. Most of the lines with higher biomass also produced the highest seed yields and residue amounts. Overall, only one accession produced more residue than `Laird'. In the more favorable environment of 1997, six accessions exceeded the control cultivars, `Laird' and `Indianhead', for residue amounts, and seven and twenty-four accessions exceeded control cultivars, `Pardina' and `Brewer', for seed yield. Results indicated that plant height, canopy width at maturity and seed yield explained most of the variation in biomass and residue production. Large seeded germplasm consistently had a longer reproductive growth period than small seeded accessions and had 17%, 7% and 21% more biomass, seed yield and residue, respectively. Our data indicated significant variation in lentil germplasm for biomass, seed yield and residue amounts to warrant their use in the breeding program.     

阿灭净在菠萝与土壤中的残留及消解动态研究

采用气相色谱(GC-NPD)分析技术测定除草剂阿灭净在菠萝与土壤中的残留及消解动态结果表明,GC-NPD方法的最小检出量为0.0232ng,菠萝及土壤的最小检出浓度分别为0.002mg/kg和0.005mg/kg,GC-NPD方法回收率分别为87.23%~92.10%和88.80%~93.77%。喷施阿灭净80%WP4800g(a.i/)hm2,处理检测出菠萝与土壤中原始沉积量分别为0.1448~0.1646mg/kg和3.3318~3.5536mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为29.17~29.45d和25.75~30.68d,按阿灭净用量4800g(a.i/)hm2施药菠萝1次,间隔期为10d,菠萝果实残留量2年分别为0.1646mg/kg和0.1448mg/kg,参照欧共体的MRL值0.2mg/kg,按上述阿灭净剂量方法施用菠萝是安全的。     

小麦和土壤中环丙唑醇残留消解动态及膳食摄入评估

为评价环丙唑醇在小麦生产上应用的安全性,通过建立乙腈提取、氮磷检测器检测方法对小麦籽粒、植株和土壤样品中环丙唑醇的残留量进行检测,研究了小麦籽粒、植株和土壤中环丙唑醇的残留及其消解动态,并对小麦中的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,环丙唑醇在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤空白样品中的添加回收率为79.2%~95.6%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~10.0%,最小检出量为8.2×10?12 g,在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg·kg?1,乙腈提取、氮磷检测器检测方法重现性好,准确度、精密度高,可满足环丙唑醇在小麦上的残留分析要求。2010年和2011年,河南省、黑龙江省和江苏省3地环丙唑醇在小麦植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为3.0~5.5 d、18.1~34.5 d;不同施药次数、施药量及采样间隔,环丙唑醇在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量均≤0.415 mg·kg?1。采收间隔期为14 d和21 d时,不同施药次数、施药剂量和采收间隔期,环丙唑醇在小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的残留量差异均不显著;采收间隔期为7 d,有效成分108 g?hm-2施药2次与有效成分162 g?hm-2施药3次时小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的残留量之间均存在显著性差异。普通人群环丙唑醇的国家估算每日摄入量为0.000 109 9 mg,占日允许摄入量的0.5%左右,按本试验方式进行施药,通常不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险。     

Dry bean production with various tillage and residue management systems

Limited information is available on the influence of high surface residue tillag systems and the interaction of weed control methods, cultivar maturity, and phosphorus fertilizer placement on yield parameters of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) A 3-year field study was conducted on a Fargo clay (fine, frigid, montmorillonitic Vertic Haplaquoll) to evaluate the influence of surface or deep band placed phosphorus fertilizer, tillage systems (PLOW, SWEEP, STRIP, NOTILL) and weed control methods on harvest plant populations, seed yield and seed weight of ‘Upland’ (early maturity) and ‘C-20’ (late maturity) dry bean cultivars. Yield variables were influenced by cultivar planted and climatic conditions. Zinc deficient plants and decreased yield were observed with the ‘C-20’ cultivar when grown on PLOW system plots where phosphorus fertilizer was surface applied. Zinc deficient plants were not present when the phosphorus fertilizer was deep banded or none was applied. No zinc deficient plants were observed on NOTILL, STRIP and SWEEP system plots. Both cultivars matured 7 to 10 days earlier with NOTILL, STRIP and SWEEP systems when compared with the PLOW system. Dry bean yields were reduced 180 to 310 kg ha⁻¹ by cultivation for weed control. Little difference in yields occurred among tillage systems when climatic conditions were normal. During a cool wet season, seed yields on PLOW system plots were 150 to 400 kg ha⁻¹ higher than on plots of systems with surface residue. Seed weight, although lower on the late maturity cultivar, was not greatly changed by tillage or weed control method. Results from this study indicate that dry beans can be successfully grown with small grain surface residue systems in northern climatic areas where growing degree days exceed 1200 and growing season precipitation does not exceed 400 mm. Further, deep band placement of phosphorus fertilizer is essential in dry bean rotations to eliminate potential zinc deficiency on soils low in zinc. Switching to a high residue management system may require a special cultivator design to eliminate yield loss due to pruning of shallow roots present with high surface residue.     

土壤中甲磺隆钠盐残留量的NPLC和GC分析

用液相色谱——紫外检测法和气相色谱——电子捕获检测法分析土壤中超高效除草剂——甲磺隆钠盐的残留量。土壤样品用乙腈提取,提取液用经活化的PT—Si净化柱净化。两种方法回收率分别达到96.9％和97.0％。     

伊维菌素在山羊奶中残留的研究

伊维菌素是新的高效广谱驱虫剂,可防治猪、牛和羊的体内外寄生虫,但未见用药后山羊奶禁止饮用期限的规定。本实验取山羊奶5ml用异辛烷和乙腈提取,高效液相色谱法测定提取液中伊维菌素的量。色谱柱为6～8μm Zorbax-ODS(150×4.6mmID),流动相为乙腈+甲醇+2％冰乙酸水溶液(45+45+10),紫外检测波长为255nm。伊维菌素含量为4～50ng/ml时,峰面积—浓度曲线呈线性,回收率为85.0±2.8％。以300mcg/kg.b.w.剂量给山羊皮下注射伊维菌素,1～3天奶中可达峰值,含量约24ng/ml,经8天后奶中不再检出伊维菌素,试验结果表明用药后8天内的山羊奶不能供人饮用。     

酶联免疫吸附法在磺胺类药物残留检测中的应用

介绍了磺胺类药物的毒性及其残留量的检测方法,着重叙述了酶联免疫吸附法及其在磺胺类药物残留检测中的应用。     

人参和土壤中异菌脲残留分析

[目的]建立异菌脲在人参和土壤中的残留分析方法。[方法]人参和土壤样品分别用丙酮-石油醚和乙腈-水的混合溶剂提取、SPE柱净化,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定人参和土壤中的异菌脲残留量。[结果]在0.04～5.00 mg/kg浓度范围内,异菌脲浓度(x)与峰面积(y)的线性回归方程为:y=42.495x-0.674,r=0.999 7,线性关系良好。异菌脲在土壤和人参中的添加回收率分别为96.60%～100.80%和92.90%～105.70%,变异系数分别为1.54%～2.78%和7.20%～9.50%。异菌脲在土壤和人参中的最小检出量均为3.0×10-10g,实际土壤、人参添加异菌脲的定量限分别为0.04和0.09 mg/kg。[结论]该方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,能够满足农药残留分析要求。     

叶枯唑在桃和土壤中的残留分析

样品经乙酸乙酯-二甲基甲酰胺(20∶1,V/V)混合液提取后,采用高效液相色谱法(配紫外检测器)建立了桃和土壤中叶枯唑残留检测方法。结果表明,叶枯唑添加量为0.1、0.5、1.0 mg/kg时,桃和土壤中的叶枯唑回收率在79.0～97.0,相对标准偏差在1.6%～6.8%;叶枯唑在桃和土壤中的最小检出量均为0.5×10-9g,最低检测浓度均为0.1 mg/kg,满足农药残留分析要求。     

中药渣固体发酵亮菌产漆酶研究

[目的]研究中药渣固体发酵亮菌产漆酶及其发酵条件,以充分利用中药渣。[方法]在单因子试验基础上,用正交试验法对中药渣固体发酵亮菌的培养基和培养条件进行优化筛选。[结果]在供试的6种药渣培养基中以白芍药渣为碳源时产漆酶量最佳,其最适培养条件为葡萄糖0.6%,白芍麸皮比3∶7,温度25℃,含水量65%,接种量11%。[结论]供试6种中药渣固体发酵亮菌均可产漆酶,培养条件优化后,亮菌漆酶酶活力较初始培养基提高了19倍。