太白山锐齿栎树干基部两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其蚁巢、体表真菌组成研究(英文)

本文研究了太白山锐齿栎景观林带树干基部筑巢的两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其巢内真菌的组成。研究结果表明:亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides Ruzsky是锐齿栎林中的优势蚁种,可在地表及树干上活动,主要取食栎树枝条上蚜虫所分泌的蜜露及其他昆虫和植物材料;盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.仅在蚁巢周围活动,捕食其他小型昆虫;亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides蚁巢材料含水量非常高,而盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.的蚁巢较为干燥。锐齿栎林中树干的平均蚁栖率为20.3%,但蚁栖率随海拔差异而不同(海拔1800m的锐齿栎林带蚁栖率仅为6%,海拔1600m的锐齿栎林带蚁栖率高达38.5%)。两种蚂蚁的长期营巢活动造成树干基部腐朽、孔洞不断扩大,严重影响锐齿栎树干的水分、营养传输及生长,且极易倒伏和风折。两种蚂蚁巢内及其体表真菌的种类组成明显不同,从亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides蚁巢材料中可分离出7种真菌,而从盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.巢中仅分离出2种;从亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides体表可分离出4种真菌,而从盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.体表分离到3种真菌;其中Tri...     

Interaction between root rot basidiomycetes and Phytophthora species on pedunculate oak

Forest declines are usually complex multifactorial phenomena that involve interactions between different factors. The possible interaction between different types of mycelial pathogens was investigated through artificial inoculation of oak seedlings, involving two root rot basidiomycetes, Collybia fusipes and Armillaria mellea, and two Phytophthora species, P. cinnamomi and P. cambivora. These pathogens were inoculated onto young Quercus robur saplings in greenhouse conditions, either alone or combining a root rot basidiomycete with a Phytophthora species. Three out of the four Phytophthora spp.*root rot basidiomycete combinations tested resulted in significantly greater damage to the oak host than the sum of the damages induced by the individual pathogens. This positive interaction could be significant in oak decline syndrome.     

Annual dynamics of phosphatase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of biotic and abiotic factors

As part of a study of the processes involved in litter biodegradation, we considered the variations over 1 year of the phosphatase activities in sclerophyllous evergreen oak litter (Quercus ilex L.). Evergreen oak is representative of tree species in the forests of the French Mediterranean area. Acid (E.C. 3.1.3.2.) and alkaline (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) phosphatases, were measured over 13 months in the forest litter, along with several biotic and abiotic variables, potentially involved in the regulation of these enzymes. These comprised moisture, temperature, pH, water-extractable inorganic P (P_I), fungi, culturable heterotrophic bacteria and protein concentrations. Moisture considerably affected the production of proteins and acid phosphatases, probably formed by litter microorganisms. This result corroborated the study of Criquet et al. [Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34 (2002) 1111] which indicated that rainfall was the most important factor regulating the production and the activity of numerous enzymes in sclerophyllous forest litter. However, it appeared that moisture cannot alone predict all of the variations in phosphatase activities and the mineralisation rate of organic P (P_O). Indeed, principal component analyses (PCA) and multiple regressions showed that temperature and bacterial communities were also implicated in phosphatase dynamics and P_O mineralisation. Acid phosphatases were negatively correlated with the temperature, whilst alkaline phosphatases were positively correlated with this variable. The significant correlation obtained between bacteria and P_I concentrations, and the lack of correlation between bacteria and both acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, suggest that other important phosphatase types, such as phosphodiesterases, must be strongly implicated in P_O mineralisation of the litter and in the regulation of P microbial metabolism.     

何首乌组培快速繁殖技术的研究

对何首乌的组培快繁技术进行了研究。结果表明：采用MS＋6－BA1.0mg/L IBA 0.1mg/L的培养基能成功地诱导芽的分化。对于芽增殖，以MS＋6－BA 0.75mg/L IBA 0.05mg/L或MS＋6－BA 1.5mg/L IBA 0.1mg/L培养基较好，培养30d后芽增殖率可分别达到3.89和4.11。诱导生根以1／2MS＋IBA 0.5-1.25mg/L或1／2MS＋NAA0.5mg/L培养基较好，培养20d后生根率可达80．0％－86．7％。     

Tillage induced differential morphometric responses and growth patterns in afforestation with Quercus ilex

This study describes the changes in height and diameter in Quercus ilex trees grown on agricultural land in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate, in response to different soil management practices: mechanical weeding (MW), chemical weeding (CHW) and no treatment (NT); and compares trees grown from 1-year-old saplings and from acorns. After 6 years, trees that had been mechanically weeded were largest; for trees grown from saplings the average height was 120 cm and diameter was 3.83 cm, for trees grown from acorns average height was 100 cm and diameter was 2.56 cm. Soil organic matter increased in all managed plots while phosphorus, nitrate, and water content oscillated between years. The no treatment plot had the highest values for nitrate and organic matter while the chemical weeding plot had the highest level of phosphorus. Annual mean on C/N ratios were higher in the mechanical weeding (12.6 ± 3.3) followed by the chemical weeding (12.0 ± 1.6). Also mechanical weeding treatment showed the lowest soil water content throughout the study. An old tillage-induced compaction zone appeared in all plots at a depth of 12.5–17.5 cm with mechanical weeding causing the greatest compaction. However, no relationships were found with tree heights, neither with spatial compaction zoning. All trees showed the same growth pattern, whether raised from saplings or acorns and irrespective of soil management system. The height and diameter of trees were linked to the sum of height and diameter ratios from previous years. Our study shows that soil management does influence tree growth rate. Mechanical weeding should be considered for afforestation of agricultural lands with Q. ilex in semiarid Mediterranean lands.     

基质配比对野生花卉状元红扦插繁殖的影响

为研究不同插穗基质对状元红[Clerodendrum japonicum(Thunb.)Sweet]扦插生长的影响,采用黄泥和腐殖质混合配比对野生花卉状元红进行扦插试验。结果表明,7种不同基质的扦插苗生根率、生根个数、根长、新梢长之间存在明显差异。高比例腐殖质混合基质扦插苗生根效果最佳,黄泥∶腐殖质=1∶3(V∶V)的混合基质最适合状元红插穗的生长,因此建议在生产上推广应用。     

罗田甜柿种质资源ISSR分子标记初步鉴定

分别采集湖北省罗田县、麻城市自然分布的28、8株罗田甜柿(Diospyros kaki Thunb cv.Oriental persimmon)古树优系及小涩柿、无核、宝盖、秋焰甜柿优系为研究材料,利用简单重复序列间扩增分子标记(Inter simple sequence repeat,ISSR)技术对40个甜柿优系进行初步认证及亲缘关系分析。结果表明:1从21条ISSR引物中筛选出了9条能够扩增出清晰、稳定条带的引物,9条引物共扩增出185条谱带,其中多态性条带有185条,多态性条带比率为100%;2应用NTSYS2.10e软件对扩增结果进行非加权组平均法(Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)聚类分析,40个甜柿优系大致被分为两大类,遗传相似系数从0.39到0.92;3罗田甜柿古树基因资源丰富,每个基因型都有其独特的指纹图谱,遗传多样性高。罗田甜柿优系间的亲缘关系与地理来源有一定的相关性,麻城市与罗田县地理位置交界区域的罗田甜柿资源相对集中在A区,其他地理位置采集优系集中在B区。分析结果可为罗田甜柿种质资源开发、基因资源保存、后期品种审定及鉴别提供理论依据。     

毛泡桐开花对树体营养消耗的影响

通过对泡桐开花过程中相关生理及生态指标的测定,探讨整个开花物候期过程中花器官营养消耗动态,为制定泡桐的适生栽培技术提供依据。试验表明,泡桐在花器官形成和开花过程中,要从根和枝中大量调集贮藏的无机和有机营养物质。小花开绽前对树木进行修剪比在盛花期进行修剪花器官干物质消耗减少53%,粗蛋白消耗减少56%,全糖消耗减少71%。     

Genetic characterisation of oak seedlings, epicormic, crown and micropropagated shoots from mature trees by RAPD and microsatellite PCR

DNA was isolated from seedlings of Quercus robur, collected from a single provenance, and from epicormic, crown shoots and in vitro shoots from a single tree of Q. petraea using a CTAB method of extraction. DNA was obtained in sufficient quantity and purity, from 13 out of 30 seedlings, and from all isolations from epicormic and in vitro shoots (2.5–10.0 μg/g fresh/ weight). Smearing was minimised at a primer concentration of 0.12 μM with Taq polymerase at 0.5 unit/reaction. Nine primers produced 142 bands, 28 of which were polymorphic. A similarity index showed that 11 seedlings were closely related with high coefficients (0.85–0.90), but each could be identified from another using only 9 primers (OPA-02 and -05, OPG-04 and -05, OPE-01, -02, -03, -08, -09). DNA was isolated from crown, epicormic and in vitro leaves originating from a single 150-yr old tree of Q. petraea and analysed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellites. With each primer, a characteristic RAPD pattern was obtained, and it was common to all six epicormic shoots derived from different parts of a single branch of this tree; also to the shoots from the crown of the same tree with OPE1 OPA-05, OPA-08, OPA-01, OPA-02, OPA-04, OPA-05, OPG-02, OPG-10, OPE-12. Similarly, the RAPD pattern obtained from shoot cultures in vitro, derived from individual nodes of epicormic shoots produced by six different branch segments, were uniform for each of 15 primers. This work was repeated using microsatellite PCR. Three microsatellite loci AG16, AG 1/2 and AG 1/5 were amplified by PCR. It showed a uniformity of these microsatellite loci in shoots from the crown of the tree, and from epicormic shoots cultures derived from six different sections of branch.     

辽宁栎林资源状况及其保护利用构想

详细考察了中国辽宁的栎林资源状况,在对辽宁栎林的种类、分布、资源量、各种类型栎林的组成结构特点等进行详细论述的基础上,对辽宁栎林的形成过程及其生长规律进行了分析,并根据辽宁栎林的特点提出了对栎树资源利用价值再认识的一些观点,提出了对辽宁栎林资源的保护利用的总体构想。