西安地区宠物犬真菌性皮肤病的分析研究

皮肤病是危害宠物健康的主要疾病之一。本文通过对西安地区宠物犬门诊收治50例皮肤病的分析,总结犬皮肤病的发病原因、常见病原、发病规律以及治疗效果,为今后宠物犬常见皮肤病的预防提供借鉴。     

Public Health Argument to Retain Current UK National Controls for Tick and Tapeworms Under the Pet Travel Scheme

At present, the European Council is debating whether the current national controls under the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), which aims to prevent the introduction of rabies and tapeworms or live ticks and their associated diseases into the United Kingdom (UK), should be harmonized amongst European Union (EU) Member States. There is a strong case to support the retention of control measures on human health grounds. Although many are aware of the implications of rabies infection, few realize the risk to the UK population if current tick and tapeworm controls under PETS were to be removed. If this were to occur, there is a risk that a number of diseases of human health importance may be introduced and become established in the UK. Such diseases include alveolar echinococcosis, tick borne encephalitis, tularaemia and Mediterranean spotted fever; all of which are found in other EU Member States but do not occur in the UK. These four diseases are responsible for a significant burden of disease in Europe, and current national controls under PETS have been highly effective in so far preventing their introduction into the UK.     

Survey of Zoonotic Dermatoses in Client‐Owned Exotic Pet Mammals in Southern Italy

Several ‘exotic’ mammalian species (e.g. rabbits, rodents, ferrets and hedgehogs) live in close proximity to humans as companion pets. Skin diseases (SD) are frequent causes of morbidity in exotic pet mammals, and most of those SDs have a zoonotic potential. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequencies and types of zoonotic dermatosis (ZD) in client‐owned, exotic pet mammals in Southern Italy. Six‐hundred and fifty‐five medical records of exotic pet mammals examined between 2011 and 2012, across twenty private practice veterinary clinics around the Naples area (Italy), were retrospectively evaluated and screened for animals diagnosed with SDs (rabbits n = 455, guinea pigs n = 93, ferrets n = 64, hedgehogs n = 19, chinchillas n = 13 and rats n = 11). The records of animals diagnosed with SD, whose causative agents had a zoonotic potential, were selected for analysis. The Mann–Whitney independent test was used for statistical analysis. A P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Eighty‐two records (12.5%) of animals with ZD were identified. Of those, 56.1% (46/82) were affected by fungal infections and 42.7% (35/82) by parasitic infections. No zoonotic bacterial or viral infections were diagnosed. Dermatophytosis was significantly diagnosed more frequently in younger animals. The results of this survey indicate that exotic pet mammals may serve as active carriers for many highly contagious pathogens with zoonotic potential. Awareness and vigilance by the veterinary practitioner is crucial in the prevention of occurrences of ZDs. Children frequently come in close contact with exotic pets. To prevent the unplanned transmission of pathogen from pet to human, an active routine screening examination and preventative treatments are strongly recommended for every newly purchased pet mammal.     

First record of an introduction of the giant pangasius,Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, into an African river

A catfish captured in the Breede River (33°56 41.6”S 20°4’45.6”E) in South Africa was identified using morphological and genetic techniques as the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, a new record for South Africa. The wild-caught specimen was a genetic match to juveniles purchased from the pet trade, and most likely originated from a release by an aquarist. Pangasius sanitwongsei is not on the list of fishes currently permitted for import into South Africa, and its presence in the pet trade illustrates the difficulty associated with preventing illegal introductions.     

Effects of dietary macronutrient profile on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and fecal microbiota,fermentative metabolites,and bile acids of female dogs after spay surgery

Obesity and estrogen reduction are known to affect the gut microbiota and gut microbial-derived metabolites in some species, but limited information is available in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary macronutrient profile on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal metabolites of adult female dogs after spay surgery. Twenty-eight adult intact female beagles (age: 3.02 ± 0.71 yr, BW: 10.28 ± 0.77 kg; BCS: 4.98 ± 0.57) were used. After a 5-wk baseline phase (week 0), 24 dogs were spayed and randomly allotted to one of three experimental diets (n = 8 per group): 1) control (CO) containing moderate protein and fiber (COSP), 2) high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF), or 3) high-protein, high-fiber plus omega-3 and medium-chain fatty acids (HPHFO). Four dogs were sham-operated and fed CO (COSH). All dogs were fed to maintain BW for 12 wk after spay and then allowed to consume twice that amount for 12 wk. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 0, 12, and 24 for digestibility, microbiota, and metabolite analysis. All data were analyzed using repeated measures and linear mixed models procedure of SAS 9.4, with results reported as a change from baseline. Apparent organic matter and energy digestibilities had greater decreases in HPHF and HPHFO than COSH and COSP. Increases in fecal acetate, total short-chain fatty acids, and secondary bile acids were greater and decreases in primary bile acids were greater in HPHF and HPHFO. Principal coordinates analysis of weighted UniFrac distances revealed that HPHF and HPHFO clustered together and separated from COSH and COSP at weeks 12 and 24, with relative abundances of Faecalibacterium, Romboutsia, and Fusobacterium increasing to a greater extent and Catenibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella 9, Eubacterium, and Megamonas decreasing to a greater extent in HPHF or HPHFO. Our results suggest that high-protein, high-fiber diets alter nutrient and energy digestibilities, fecal metabolite concentrations, and fecal gut microbiota, but spay surgery had minor effects. Future research is needed to investigate how food intake, nutrient profile, and changes in hormone production influence gut microbiota and metabolites of dogs individually and how this knowledge may be used to manage spayed pets.     

Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women from Multan,Pakistan

Toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in humans and warm‐blooded animals. Maternal infections during pregnancy may have devastating consequences for transplacentally infected neonates. This study was conducted to examine the seroprevalence of antibodies to T. gondii in pregnant women of childbearing age and determine risk factors associated with pregnancy history, pet ownership, social and cultural factors at Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Samples were collected from 403 women and examined using a commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii was 17.6% (71) in the 403 samples collected from women. Antibodies to T. gondii were present in 19.4% (45) of 232 pregnant women and 15.2% (26) of the samples from 171 non‐pregnant women. This study identified miscarriage history, pet ownership, type of residence, marital status, source of drinking water and eating habits as significant (P < 0.05) risk factors associated with the presence of antibodies to T. gondii infection. Seroprevalence was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in women from different ethnic groups based upon lifestyle and culture.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市宠物源沙门氏菌耐药性及耐药基因检测

为了解新疆乌鲁木齐市宠物源沙门氏菌耐药及耐药基因携带情况,对分离的39株宠物源沙门氏菌采用琼脂稀释法进行药敏试验,PCR方法进行PMQR因子、β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类基因、四环素类基因、酰胺醇类基因及多肽类基因检测。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市宠物源沙门氏菌对环丙沙星和阿莫西林的耐药率均高达97.4%(38/39),对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氨苄西林、卡那霉素、四环素和氟苯尼考的耐药率均高达100%(39/39),对头孢噻呋、安普霉素、阿米卡星和庆大霉素100%敏感;耐药菌株以8耐为主,其主要耐药谱型为CIP-NOF-ENR-AMLAMP-KANA-TE-FFC;主要检出的β-内酰胺酶基因有blaTEM和blaOXA;主要检出的PMQR因子有qnrS、oqxA、oqxB和aac(6′)-Ib-cr;主要检出的氨基糖苷类基因有aadA2和ant(3″)-Ia;主要检出的四环素类基因有tetB;主要检出的酰胺醇类基因有floR。耐药基因以blaTEM+blaOXA+qnrS+oqxA+oqxB+aac(6′)-Ib-cr+aadA2+ant(3″)-Ia+tetB+floR共存类型为主。因此临床治疗宠物疾病时应尽量少用人用药物特别是人用新药,多使用兽用敏感药物,避免人发病时无药可用事件的发生。     

长春地区宠物犬贾第虫感染的分子流行病学调查与感染虫株的TPI基因分型

贾第虫是一种人兽共患性寄生原虫,可在全世界范围内传播,并且有人—人,人—动物,以及动物特异性的传播循环,且其流行率与地理环境以及不同的区域有关。采用分子生物学分析方法,确定长春地区的宠物犬患有贾第虫的患病率以及基因型来评估犬贾第虫向人传播的危险。调查结果显示:宠物犬的贾第虫流行率为10.46%(25/239)。通过磷酸丙糖异构酶(TPI)基因的多态性对所分离虫株的基因型进行鉴定,结果显示所有贾第虫的基因型均为犬特异性的C型,未发现人兽共患的A型和B型。基因亚型结果显示在所有的样本中以CⅠ为主要亚型,占全部样本的76.00%(19/25)。此结果显示出贾第虫由犬传播给人的风险很低,这与以往来自中国南方的调查结果明显不同。     

宠物源大肠杆菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因流行性检测

【目的】对广州分离得到的宠物源(主要是宠物猫、狗)大肠杆菌进行质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药PMQR基因qnr、qepA和aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因的流行性检测。【方法】采用琼脂平板稀释法对164株临床分离的宠物源大肠杆菌进行15种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度测定。通过PCR检测qnr、qepA和aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因。建立大肠杆菌基因指纹图谱并对指纹图谱进行分析。【结果】164株宠物源大肠杆菌对12种兽医临床常用抗生素耐药率较高,且表现为多重耐药(5-14 耐)。在164株宠物源大肠杆菌中检测到3个菌株同时携带qnrA、qnrB和qnrS基因,其中2株也携带aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因。阳性菌株均能扩增出指纹图谱,具有两个以上PMQR基因的菌株多分布于B型和C型。【结论】广州市宠物源大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药较为严重,检测结果显示喹诺酮类耐药基因在本市宠物医学临床上传播广泛,PMQR基因的产生能力与其基因型有密切的关系。     

宠物源大肠埃希菌耐药性及耐药基因调查

【目的】了解广州市宠物源大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli耐药性和耐药基因携带情况。【方法】2016年7月至2017年7月从广州市4家宠物医院采集健康或患病犬猫样品共319份,其中,健康动物127份,患病动物192份。采用选择性培养基分离大肠埃希菌,利用基质辅助激光解析串联飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF MS)鉴定菌种;采用琼脂稀释法测定大肠埃希菌对11种抗菌药物的敏感性,利用PCR和测序检测耐药基因的携带情况。【结果】319份样品共分离得到大肠埃希菌203株,其中,患病动物源109株,健康动物源94株。203株大肠埃希菌中有179株至少对1种抗生素耐药;对氨苄西林耐药率最高(76.85%),对头孢噻肟、四环素、多西环素和磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶耐药率均高于50%;对阿米卡星最为敏感,耐药率仅为10.84%。患病动物源大肠埃希菌对11种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于健康动物源,除阿米卡星、氟苯尼考和磷霉素外,对其他药物的耐药性均差异极显著(P 0. 01)。耐药基因检测结果显示,floR检出率最高(检出率为34.97%),blaCTX-M-9G、blaCTX-M-1G、fos A3、rmt B和bla CMY-2检出率分别为22.66%、20.19%、17.73%、10.34%和1.48%,未检测到blaCTX-M-2G和blaCTX-M-25G。【结论】广州地区宠物源大肠埃希菌耐药状况严峻,且常携带多种重要耐药基因。应当加强对宠物源细菌耐药性的监测。