基于不同回收方法的肌浆蛋白对鲢鱼糜冻融稳定性的影响

为研究不同回收方法的肌浆蛋白对鲢鱼糜冻融稳定性的影响,分别通过加热法、酸偏移法和酸偏移-耦合壳聚糖絮凝法回收鲢鱼糜漂洗液中的肌浆蛋白,并将其添加至鱼糜中,测定鱼糜冻融循环过程中蛋白质冷冻变性、脂肪氧化及凝胶品质的指标。结果显示:添加不同方法回收的肌浆蛋白均能抑制鲢鱼糜冻融循环过程中盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性和总巯基含量的下降以及表面疏水性的上升,其中加热法回收的肌浆蛋白抑制鱼糜蛋白质冷冻变性的效果最显著,经过9次冻融后仍能够对鱼糜蛋白质变性起到抑制效果。蛋白质羰基含量测定结果显示,肌浆蛋白的添加可以抑制鱼糜冻融循环过程中蛋白质氧化现象。而与空白组鱼糜相比,添加不同回收处理的肌浆蛋白的鱼糜,其硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARs）和pH值并没有显著变化。此外,随着冻融循环次数的增加,鱼糜凝胶品质会发生严重劣化,其中添加酸偏移-耦合壳聚糖絮凝处理的肌浆蛋白的鱼糜始终保持较好的凝胶质构性能。     

梯牧草和燕麦草的营养价值及其奶牛瘤胃降解特性

选择3头安装有瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛进行头茬、二茬梯牧草和燕麦草体内试验,比较3种饲草的营养成分及其瘤胃降解率和降解特性的差异。结果表明：梯牧草的粗蛋白质(CP)和粗脂肪质量分数显著高于燕麦草的,而可溶性碳水化合物和相对饲喂价值则显著低于燕麦草的,梯牧草头茬和二茬间的营养成分的差异无统计学意义;燕麦草、二茬和头茬梯牧草的瘤胃内干物质有效降解率依次为48.22%、41.76%和36.54%,且三者间的差异有统计学意义;二茬梯牧草和燕麦草的瘤胃内CP有效降解率相近,分别为53.09%和53.20%,且显著高于头茬梯牧草的(36.67%);二茬梯牧草和燕麦草的瘤胃内中性洗涤纤维有效降解率分别为36.61%和35.10%,且两者间的差异无统计学意义,但均显著高于头茬梯牧草的(28.62%)。可见,二茬梯牧草具有作为奶牛常规粗饲料资源的潜力,可用于替代燕麦草。     

嗜吡啶红球菌Rp3生长及降解粪臭素特性研究

为获得适宜嗜吡啶红球菌（Rhodococcus pyridinivorans）Rp3生长的碳氮源并明确不同因素对Rp3菌株降解粪臭素的影响,采用单因素和正交试验优化Rp3菌株的发酵培养基,并采用高效液相色谱法测定培养液中粪臭素含量,分析最适碳氮源、金属离子、温度和传代对Rp3菌株生长和降解粪臭素效率的影响。结果表明,Rp3菌株能够以粪臭素为唯一碳源生长。碳氮源对Rp3菌株生长的影响排序依次为酵母浸粉>牛肉膏>蔗糖,适宜碳氮源用量为蔗糖16 g·L^-1、牛肉膏14 g·L^-1、酵母浸粉6 g·L^-1。培养液中不添加Mg²⁺时,粪臭素不能被降解,Mg²⁺被Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、Zn²⁺替代后,Rp3菌株对粪臭素的降解率显著下降。Rp3菌株对粪臭素的降解率随温度的升高而增加,28~40 ℃,培养24 h,降解效果可达到82.9%~95.5%。碳氮源和传代不影响Rp3菌株对粪臭素的降解。研究结果表明,嗜吡啶红球菌Rp3是易培养、不易退化的粪臭素高效降解菌株,具有一定的开发潜力。     

有机污染土壤生物修复效果的限制因素及提升措施

土壤中的有机污染物主要来源于有机农药、石油污染、工业生产等,其对生态环境和人体健康造成了极大的危害。受有机物污染的土壤能通过物理、化学、生物等一系列的修复技术进行治理,其中生物修复技术被认为是处理有机污染土壤最有效、经济且环境友好的修复技术,但其修复效率受诸多因素影响。本文从气候地理条件、有机污染物的存在形态和土壤自身环境与营养3个方面系统地分析了生物修复技术的限制因素,并从物种选择、生物有效性提升（引入微生物或土壤动物、添加表面活性剂和有机溶剂）及稳定生态系统的构建（添加生物炭、营养补充剂,采用电强化生物修复技术）3个角度科学地提出了提升生物修复技术效率的方法,最后对加强有机物污染土壤复合修复技术的研究进行了展望。     

呕吐毒素降解菌A4的分离及降解特性研究

为了给呕吐毒素（DON）污染的谷物和饲料脱毒提供菌株资源,本研究从赤霉病污染区域的小麦田采集土壤样品,通过富集培养,分离筛选到一株DON降解菌,通过形态、16S rDNA、gyrB基因序列对降解菌进行菌种鉴定,液相色谱串联质谱和核磁共振鉴定降解产物,明确其降解途径和解毒机制,通过菌株生长特性、降解特性和基因组间差异分析比较DON降解菌A4、A8和A16之间的差异。结果表明：分离筛选获得DON降解菌A4,该菌能在10 h内降解9.7 μg·mLP＞-1P＞ DON,降解率高达97%。经鉴定,A4为德沃斯氏菌（Devosia sp.）。A4通过降解DON为3-keto-DON进行脱毒。A4的最适生长温度为35℃,最适NaCl浓度为2%,其耐热性和耐盐性优于菌株A8和A16。A4的最适降解温度为35℃、最适降解pH为8.0,其降解速率高于菌株A8和A16。通过平均核苷酸相似度（ANI）分析,A4与A8和A16之间的ANI分别为81.54%和77.87%,均低于95%,因此属于不同种的菌株。研究表明,筛选得到的新型DON脱毒菌株A4具有良好的抗逆性,为DON的污染控制提供了新的降解菌资源。     

一株丙硫菌唑降解菌的筛选及其降解条件的优化

从活性污泥中筛选出以丙硫菌唑为唯一碳源的降解菌株,对该菌株进行形态学、生理和生化特征结合16S rDNA基因序列鉴定为假单胞菌属绿脓杆菌,命名为 Pseudomonas aeruginosa W-313。通过响应面法对菌株W-313降解丙硫菌唑的条件进行优化,初始pH值为7.40,温度为 32 ℃,葡糖糖含量为0.60%时,W-313降解丙硫菌唑效果最佳,48 h降解率可达65.12%,与实际情况下基本吻合。研究结果为利用环境微生物降解丙硫菌唑及其代谢物进而有效规避残留农药污染提供新理论依据。     

Screening of Feather Degrading Bacteria and Optimization of Fer-mentation Conditions from Poultry

The purpose of this experiment was to isolate and screen the microorganisms from the soil where chicken feathers were piled for a long time and identify them biologically. Single-factor test and response surface methodology (RSM) analyses were used to explore the optimum conditions for the growth and fermentation of a strain. Screening of bacterial strains from the soil where feathers were piled for a long time was performed, and 12 keratinolytic bacterial strains were isolated. One of these isolates, CH-7, was found to be the most effective feather-degrading strain, which was identified as Lactococcus lactis KU568489.1. The growth situation of feather keratin degrading bacterium analysis results showed that the best degradation effect of CH-7 was found in oxygen, inoculation 5％, initial pH=6.5, fermentation temperature 30℃, speed 220 r ? min-1 and fermentation time 36 h, and CH-7 had the highest degradation rate of feather keratin. The optimization analysis of RSM showed that there was more significances of the three factors, 32℃, pH 6.3 and amount of inoculum at 5.7％ on the degradation of feather keratin. Based on the above results, the feather degrading bacterium, Lactococcus lactis CH-7, was obtained by screening, 30℃ and pH 5.5-6.5 were the best growth conditions. The oxygen, the amount of inoculum 5.7％, the fermentation temperature, 32℃, pH 6.3 and the rotational speed 220 r ? min-1 were the best fermentation conditions. Under these conditions, 38.48％ degradation rate was obtained after 36 h fermentation, which demonstrated the strain CH-7 was potential to the fermented feather meal for feed.     

一种氨基酸有机肥降解蔬菜农药残留的效果研究

为验证一种氨基酸有机肥降解农药残留效果,进行不同施用量试验,分析菠菜中农残的降解动态。结果表明,该有机肥对菠菜中毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、百菌清、氧乐果、甲胺磷等5种农药具有较好的促进降解作用;450 ml/666m2 施用量效果最佳,在96 h可以实现高效氯氰菊酯、氧乐果、甲胺磷未检出;该氨基酸有机肥可作为蔬菜绿色高产高效生产的有效手段。     

低温木质纤维素分解复合菌系PLC-8对玉米秸秆的分解特性

为提高东北寒区玉米秸秆的分解效率,突破低温的瓶颈,探讨了低温木质纤维素分解复合菌系PLC-8对玉米秸秆的分解效果及其微生物多样性。通过pH、玉米秸秆的减重、木质纤维素的含量、酶活性、有机酸含量等指标评价玉米秸秆的分解效果,采用变性凝胶电泳（DGGE）和高通量测序技术研究其微生物多样性。结果表明：pH先下降后回升至接近初始值;30 d后,玉米秸秆减重率达到43.65%;半纤维素、纤维素、木质素含量分别减少了61.13%、40.91%、14.25%;纤维素酶活性先升高后降低,其中滤纸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在第20 d,分别为0.054、0.025 U·mL^-1;内切酶和外切酶活性的最高值在第15 d,分别为0.032、0.030 U·mL^-1;木聚糖酶活性随着玉米秸秆的分解而逐渐升高,甲酸和乙酸分别在第20和15 d达到最高值。微生物群落分析表明,PLC-8由细菌和真菌组成,具有分解稳定性,在属的水平上细菌优势菌株为金黄杆菌属（Chryseobacterium）、短波单胞菌属（Brevundimonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）等,真菌的优势菌株为肉座菌（Hypocreales）。     

The bioactivity of gonadotropin releasing hormones and its regulation in the gilthead seabream,Sparus aurata: in vivo andin vitro studies

Thein vivo andin vitro potency of native and modified forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to release gonadotropin (GtH) was studied inSparus aurata and correlated with their relative susceptibility to degradation by cytosolic-bound enzymes of the pituitary, kidney, and liver. Salmon (s) GnRH and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) are equipotent whereas analogs of these peptides ((D-Arg⁶-Pro⁹NET)-sGnRH, (D-Ala⁶-Pro⁹NET)-LHRH, (D-Trp⁶)-LHRH) are superactive in inducingin vivo GtH release (at 10 μg/kg body weight). In anin vitro superfusion system of pituitary fragments all analogs are equipotent to the native peptides (at 10⁻¹⁰ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁷M). sGnRH and LHRH are rapidly degraded by cytosolic peptidases of the pituitary, liver, and kidney. The preferred site of cleavage is the Tyr⁵-Gly⁶ bond. Substitution of the position 6 glycine by D-amino acids renders the 5–6 bond resistant to degradation and shifts the main site of cleavage to the Pro⁹-Gly¹⁰NH₂ bond. Substitution at position 6 (as above) and at position 10 with Pro⁹NET results in analogs that are resistant to degradation. We propose that enzymatic cleavage terminates GnRH bioactivityin vivo and thus increased resistance to degradation is a major determinant of GnRH analog superactivity.