Potential of indigenous Bacillus spp. as probiotic feed supplements in an extruded low‐fish‐meal diet for juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

A 12‐week feeding trial was designed to assess the probiotic potential of indigenous Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and/or Bacillus subtilis singly or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis in an extruded feed for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) juveniles. A high fish meal (FM) diet (control) and a low‐FM diet containing an alternative protein blend (30% FM replacement, FM30) were formulated. Three other experimental diets were prepared by inclusion of B. amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or a mixture of B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis (BASL) into FM30 diet, with a final concentration of 10⁶ CFU/g diet. Results indicated that the FM30 diet was well tolerated by flounder, and the overall performance was not affected by dietary treatments. Lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin level were significantly reduced in flounders when fed with the FM30 diet compared with the BASL and BA diets, respectively. The Bacillus additives neither enriched the relative abundance of the corresponding Bacillus spp. in the relevant gut microbiota of olive flounder nor modulated the presumptive gene functions of the gut microbiome. Despite the absence of growth‐promoting effect, the tested probiotics could still be economically viable for use as immunostimulants in commercial flounder diets with partial FM replacement.     

花生田施用绿僵菌对土壤微生物群落的影响

昆虫病原真菌绿僵菌对地下害虫防治具有良好应用前景，而大量释放绿僵菌可能引起土著微生物群落变化，从而影响其植物保护的综合效果。本文研究了花生播种期施用绿僵菌后，在根际和根围土壤中绿僵菌自身种群及土著细菌、真菌和放线菌种群的消长和群落结构变化。结果表明，绿僵菌种群在30 d内快速下降，之后降速减缓，以低密度持续存活。随花生生长，土壤微生物自身有消长过程，施用绿僵菌对放线菌影响最大、真菌其次、细菌最小，在根际的影响大于在根围的影响。分别地，绿僵菌处理对根际和根围细菌、根围真菌无显著影响；使根际真菌种群初期的下降速度减缓，到达谷底时间由15 d推迟到30 d，但回升速度加快，达峰顶由60 d提前到45 d，峰值降低1/3；绿僵菌明显抑制了根际放线菌种群，使其消长变化周期与对照完全相反，且45 d时回落至低点后不再回升；绿僵菌减缓了根围放线菌种群下降，使达谷底时间由30 d推迟到45 d，且回升幅度减小。土壤微生物群落结构在施菌后15～30 d的幼苗至初花期有明显变化，细菌种群总体占比显著下降，但与对照相比，施菌后的根际细菌占比提高，真菌占比下降，放线菌占比显著地先抑后扬。在根围的变化相对较小。45 d即盛花期后，三类微生物结构逐渐恢复趋近原来状态。     

典型农田根际土壤伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其多样性

在根际环境中伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderiales)是一类重要的植物促生菌,其群落结构变化可能会影响植物的生长和发育。本研究针对伯克霍尔德氏菌目,采用特异性引物16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,研究了田间条件下黑土、潮土和红壤中玉米根际伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其对地上部作物生物量和产量的可能影响。结果表明:在三种土壤类型中,与未施肥相比,施肥对伯克霍尔德氏菌目的丰富度和多样性均没有显著影响。在伯克霍尔德氏菌的科水平主要检测到三类细菌,分别为草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae),且草酸杆菌科是其中的优势菌。此外,施肥显著增加了有机质含量较低的潮土中马赛菌(Massilia spp.和Massilia sp. WG5)和伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaspp.)的相对丰度(P0.05);增加了酸性红壤中草螺旋菌(Herbaspirillumsp.ZM319)的相对丰度,但降低了Noviherbaspirillum spp.的相对丰度(P0.05);而在有机质含量最高的黑土中,所有检测到的伯克霍尔德氏菌均无明显地变化。进一步分析表明,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤pH是影响这几类细菌的主要因素,而马赛菌群落的变化可能会影响玉米地上部生物量和产量。本研究表明,尽管化学施肥是影响玉米地上部生物量和产量的主要原因,但是伯克霍尔德氏菌等根际微生物群落也可能是影响它们的潜在生物因素。     

肠黏膜自然杀伤细胞的免疫功能及其调控

自然杀伤(NK)细胞是肠黏膜免疫屏障的重要组分。本文从NK细胞的发育学特征、分子表型切入,分析了其在维护肠道屏障完整性中发挥的功能,以及肠道微生物对其免疫功能的调节作用,旨在为疾病预防和肠道健康的营养调控提供理论依据。     

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine compounds on rumen fermentation,methanogenesis and microbial flora in vitro

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of traditional Chinese medicine compounds (TCMC) on rumen fermentation, methane emission and populations of ruminal microbes using an in vitro gas production technique. Cablin patchouli herb (CPH), Atractylodes rhizome (AR), Amur Cork-tree (AC) and Cypsum were mixed with the weight ratios of 1:1:1:0.5 and 1:1:1:1 to make up TCMC1 and TCMC2, respectively. Both TCMC were added at level of 25 g/kg of substrate dry matter. In vitro gas production was recorded and methane concentration was determined at 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 h, the incubation was terminated and the inoculants were measured for pH, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA). Total deoxyribonucleic acid of ruminal microbes was extracted from the inocula, and populations were determined by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Populations of total rumen methanogens, protozoa, total fungi, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were expressed as a proportion of total rumen bacterial 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. Compared with the control, the 2 TCMC decreased (P ≤ 0.05) total VFA concentration, acetate molar proportion, acetate to propionate ratio, gas and methane productions at 12 and 24 h, hydrogen (H) produced and consumed, and methanogens and total fungi populations, while the 2 TCMC increased (P ≤ 0.05) propionate molar proportion. Traditional Chinese medicine compound 1 also decreased (P ≤ 0.05) R. flavefaciens population. From the present study, it is inferred that there is an effect of the TCMC in suppressing methanogenesis, probably mediated via indirect mode by channeling H₂ utilized for methanogenesis to synthesis of propionate and direct action against the rumen microbes involved in methane formation. In addition, the relative methane reduction potential (RMRP) of TCMC2 was superior to that of TCMC1.     

Dietary hydrolysed yeast cell wall extract is comparable to antibiotics in the control of subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of yeast cell wall (YCW) on performance and physiological responses of broiler chickens under subclinical necrotic enteritis challenge.

2. Six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (non-challenged or challenged plus no supplement, YCW or antibiotics (AB)) was used. Each treatment was replicated eight times with 12 birds per replicate. The treatments included: (1) Positive control (PC; no additive, not challenged); (2) Negative control (NC; no additive, with challenge); (3) YCWN = yeast cell wall (2.0 g/kg diet, not challenged; (4) YCWC = yeast cell wall (2.0 g/kg diet, challenged); (5) ABN = zinc bacitracin 50 ppm + Salinomycin 60 ppm, not challenged); (6) ABC = zinc bacitracin 50 ppm + Salinomycin 60 ppm, challenged).

3. Eimeria challenge at 9 d of age did not affect feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), FCR or liveability at 10 d. The BWG and FCR at 10 d were greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed YCW or AB (AB) diets relative to the PC or NC groups. On 24 and 35 d, FI, BWG, FCR and flock uniformity (28 d) were greater (P < 0.05) in the challenged groups fed YCW or AB diets compared to NC group.

4. Supplementation with YCW ameliorated the negative effects of NE on liver, spleen and bursa weight of birds.

5. Necrotic enteritis challenge decreased (P < 0.05) caecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. counts, and increased ileum lesion score and caecal Clostridium perfirngens counts. This was reversed by the addition of either YCW or AB.

6. Supplementation with YCW and AB resulted to a greater (P < 0.05) dressing percentage and meat yield (35 d).

7. The results indicated that YCW plays a vital role in improving the physiological response and performance of broiler chickens under subclinical necrotic enteritis challenge.     

肠道噬菌体与细菌和宿主互作及其对动物机体健康影响的研究进展

近年来肠道病毒组功能研究日益受到关注,其中肠道噬菌体作为肠道病毒组的主要组成,更是成为了研究热点。大量研究表明,肠道噬菌体种类和数量不仅直接影响肠道微生物菌群区系,还与动物机体存在着密切联系,因此对动物机体健康发挥着重要作用。本文就肠道噬菌体研究进展进行总结,从肠道噬菌体、噬菌体与细菌互作、噬菌体与动物宿主互作以及肠道噬菌体与肠道炎症性疾病、代谢性疾病等疾病的联系等方面进行综述,为深入研究肠道噬菌体对机体健康的影响及其机制提供理论参考和新的思路。     

Effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on serum biochemical profiles and intestinal bacterial populations in early‐weaned piglets

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with anti‐E. coli, chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY), may affect early weaned piglet (EWP) intestinal functions and enteric micro‐organisms. One hundred and forty‐eight ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) piglets, weaned at age day 21, were randomly assigned to receive one of three diets for 14 days. Treatment group one (control group) was fed the base diet. Treatment group two (antibiotics group) was fed the base diet which was supplemented with 100 ppm colistin sulphate and 15 ppm enramycin; treatment group three (IgY group) was fed the base diet which was supplemented with 500 mg/kg anti‐E. coli IgY. The study evaluated the effects on EWPs of IgY on growth, serum biochemical, inflammatory profiles and also digestion content intestinal bacterial populations. Results showed no significant difference in diarrhoea rates between IgY‐fed EWPs and antibiotic‐treated EWPs. Serum biochemical analysis showed that EWPs fed an IgY‐containing diet had both lower (p < 0.05) cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein compared to antibiotic‐treated EWPs. Escherichia coli populations measured in IgY‐fed EWP ileal contents, compared to the control group, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium populations were unaffected by the IgY treatment. Larger (p < 0.05) Enterococcus populations and lower (p < 0.05) expression levels of heat‐stable enterotoxin b (STb) were observed in IgY‐fed EWP caecal digesta compared to the control group. Enteric Lactobacillus significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in EWPs fed antibiotics while it was unaffected by IgY treatment. Dietary supplementation with anti‐E. coli IgY has the potential to suppress enteric E. coli growth, but not Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium. This promotes and maintains a healthy EWP intestinal environment. These findings suggest that IgY may be used as an alternative to antibiotics in EWP diets.     

三丁酸甘油酯对乙酸刺激仔猪肠道屏障功能的影响

本试验旨在研究三丁酸甘油酯（TB）对乙酸（ACA）刺激仔猪小肠黏膜生长和肠道屏障功能的影响。试验选用18头体重接近、健康的28日龄断奶仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为3个处理：对照组、乙酸组和TB组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期为21 d。试验期内对照组和乙酸组饲喂基础日粮,TB组饲喂基础日粮+0.1% TB。于试验第15天清晨,乙酸组和TB组仔猪直肠灌注10 mL 10%乙酸,对照组直肠灌注相应剂量的灭菌生理盐水。于试验第18、21天清晨前腔静脉采血,测定血浆二胺氧化酶（DAO）活力;第21天屠宰取样,取空肠、回肠等组织样品,测定仔猪肠道形态结构、肠道黏膜损伤相关基因mRNA水平等指标。结果表明：①未用乙酸刺激前,与对照组相比,日粮中添加0.1% TB对仔猪平均日增重有一定程度提高（P=0.089）,且显著降低了仔猪料重比（P<0.05）;②与对照组相比,乙酸组显著降低了空肠黏膜绒毛高度、回肠黏膜绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值及空肠绒毛表面积（P<0.05）;③与乙酸组相比,TB组显著降低了血浆DAO活力（P<0.05）,极显著降低了回肠AREG基因的相对表达量（P<0.01）。综合上述结果,日粮中添加0.1% TB能缓解乙酸诱导的仔猪肠黏膜生长及肠道屏障功能的损伤。     

多孔高分子载体固定化微生物厌氧流化床处理低浓度废水的研究

本文报道用厌氧流化床反应器处理低浓度有机废水的可行性研究结果。采用多孔高分子载体固定厌氧微生物和流态化技术强化传质过程,可克服低浓度有机废水甲烷化能力低的障碍。实验表明,在３５±１℃条件下,处理ＣＯＤ浓度为１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ的人工葡萄糖废水,床层最优膨胀率为５０％,容积有机负荷率为１９．２ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率达７０％;处理ＣＯＤ浓度为２２０～２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的城市污水,容积有机负荷率为２．４～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为５４％～５６％。