体外法研究生石膏对瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成及微生态的影响

通过体外产气法研究了生石膏对瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成及微生态的影响。按单因子试验设计,在底物中分别按其干物质的0(对照组)、1.25%(低水平组)、2.5%(高水平组)添加生石膏,每个组设4个重复,进行24h体外发酵培养。结果显示,随生石膏添加水平升高,乙酸与总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸与丙酸的浓度比、12和24h产气量、氢的生成量及甲烷菌数量显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)降低,而丙酸占总挥发性脂肪酸的比例与原虫数量极显著(P0.01)升高;生石膏添加会显著(P0.05)或显著(P0.01)降低12和24h甲烷产量,而高水平添加会显著(P0.05)降低丙酸浓度与乙酸占总挥发性脂肪酸的比例。结果表明,生石膏可通过减少氢的供应量和抑制甲烷菌生长而降低体外甲烷产量,同时会促进原虫增殖,致使2种添加水平的相对甲烷抑制潜势没有显著(P0.05)差异。     

RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用进展

反刍动物瘤胃内多种多样的微生物组成一个复杂的微生态系统,它们在瘤胃内物质消化过程中发挥重要作用。RNA-Seq技术的出现为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供了前所未有的机遇。本文主要从新一代高通量测序技术出发,阐述RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物代谢酶特性、瘤胃微生物的多样性、瘤胃微生物新功能基因方面的应用,以期为瘤胃微生物的研究提供参考。     

土壤微生物总 DNA 提取及其 PCR 优化

采用3种不同土壤微生物总 DNA 提取方法对广东省乐昌杨东山十二度水自然保护区的样地土壤进行比较研究,进一步通过 PCR 扩增,研究牛血清白蛋白(BSA)对整个 PCR 扩增过程的影响。结果表明：试剂盒提取法相对于其他两种提取方法更加方便有效,当土壤样品量比较大时,直接提取法是最经济有效的方法;而在土壤微生物的 PCR 扩增实验中,加入2μl 的 BSA,可以有效地抑制腐殖酸等对后续 PCR 扩增的影响。     

思茅松毛虫成虫肠道细菌多样性

【目的】 研究野外采集的思茅松毛虫（Dendrolimu kikuchii）成虫的肠道细菌多样性,为思茅松毛虫的防治和云南松（Pinus yunnanensis）等树木的保护奠定基础。【方法】 分别提取思茅松毛虫雄蛾和雌蛾的肠道总DNA,基于Illumina NovaSeq（PE250）平台运用高通量技术对肠道细菌16S rDNA基因V3~V4区进行测序和分析,分析雄虫和雌虫的肠道菌群的结构多样性。【结果】 从思茅松毛虫成虫中共获得1 278个操作分类单元（OTUs）,涵盖28个门75个纲173个目296个科550个属。在门水平上,雄蛾和雌蛾的优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,雌81.27%/雄81.17%）;在科水平上,雄蛾的优势菌科是鞘脂单胞菌科（Sphingomonadaceae,49.16%）和丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae,19.09%）,雌蛾的优势菌科是欧文氏菌科（Erwiniaceae,34.09%）和丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae,16.68%）;在属水平上,雄蛾的优势菌属是鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas,48.09%）,雌蛾的优势菌属是泛生菌属（Pantoea,31.58%）。思茅松毛虫雌蛾肠道细菌的物种多样性比雄蛾丰富。雄蛾肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）,雌蛾肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为γ-变形杆菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）。【结论】 思茅松毛虫成虫肠道具有丰富的细菌资源。     

苦参碱不同给药途径对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为探究苦参碱灌胃和腹腔注射不同给药途径对肠道菌群的影响,将昆明小鼠随机分为4组,分别为生理盐水腹腔注射组(NCip)、生理盐水灌胃组(NCig)、苦参碱腹腔注射组(MTip)及苦参碱灌胃组(MTig),连续给药5d后,收集各组粪便,进行小鼠肠道微生物α多样性指数分析和β多样性分析,利用LEfSe和Metastats分析不同组间肠道菌群的差异。结果表明:灌胃和腹腔注射苦参碱的不同给药方式对小鼠肠道菌群的α多样性指数及β多样性的影响差异不显著(P0.05);LEfSe分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,腹腔注射苦参碱组的小鼠肠道有益菌拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、调节机体代谢的另枝菌属(Alistipes)丰度显著增加(P0.05);Metastats分析发现,与灌胃苦参碱相比,苦参碱腹腔注射组的小鼠肠道与结肠炎相关的脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、[Eubacterium]_fissicatena_group丰度显著降低(P0.05)。综上,不同给药途径会引起肠道菌群的差异,相比于灌胃给予苦参碱,通过腹腔注射给予苦参碱更有利于优化肠道菌群的结构及功能。     

生物活性肽调节断奶仔猪肠道健康

断奶是养猪业中最具挑战性的阶段,对仔猪生长性能及之后的发育有着重要的影响。断奶对仔猪的肠道发育和健康带来了极大的挑战,可能会导致采食量减少、生长速率降低、发病率和死亡率增加。采取有效的营养策略可改善仔猪肠道健康和最大限度地提高断奶仔猪的产量。本文综述了生物活性肽通过仔猪肠道免疫、肠道微生物稳态及肠-脑轴的调节仔猪肠道健康,为加深生物活性肽的开发和利用提供参考。     

Satiation effects in piscivore prey size selection

Abstract –  We present a functional response model that primarily evaluates effects of satiation in piscivore prey-size selection. The model also includes other passive processes, such as prey-size-dependent encounter rate and prey-size-dependent capture success, where capture success decreases and encounter rate increases with prey size. The model generates a wide variety of outcomes, where small, intermediate or large prey is positively selected for. These very different selectivity patterns are generated without any active prey choice included in the model. The results stress the importance of controlling for satiation and other passive processes in empirical studies on prey-size selection, especially if the aim is to test active prey choice in piscivores.     

Influence of dietary feathers on the fecal microbiota in captive Arctic fox: Do dietary hair or feathers play a role in the evolution of carnivorous mammals?

Hair and feathers are composed of keratin and are indigestible, inalimental and unpalatable for carnivores. However, carnivores often ingest hair and feathers during feeding or when grooming. We hypothesized that ingestion of hair and feathers changes species diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of carnivores. To test this hypothesis, we added disinfected poultry down feathers to the normal diet of captive Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We then used fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) to examine changes in fecal bacterial diversity and abundance. The results showed that the number of bacterial species increased significantly after feather ingestion, but that total abundance was unchanged. This demonstrated that addition of disinfected feathers to the diet stimulated increased production among less abundant bacteria, resulting in a balancing of relative abundance of different bacterial species, or that some newly‐ingested microbial species would colonize the gut because a suitable microhabitat had become available. This implies that the overall production of bacterial metabolites would be made up of a greater range of substances after feather ingestion. On one hand, the host's immune response would be more diverse, increasing the capacity of the immune system to regulate gut microflora. On the other hand, the animal's physiological performance would also be affected. For wild animals, such altered physiological traits would be subjected to natural selection, and, hence, persistent geographic differences in the character of ingested feathers or fur would drive speciation.     

微生物对油污地石油的降解作用及影响因素

生物降解有机物可能成为净化土壤和水资源的一种有效方式.生物降解手段的成本与焚化、贮存或土壤清洗相比要低.重点探讨了微生物对油污地石油降解的机理,分析了影响微生物降解的相关因素,包括营养物质和化合物、氧气、水、温度、核酸等,还探讨了油污地降解过程中植物的作用及生物降解微生物的作用,以期为油污地的治理提供基础理论依据.