鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展及应用前景

生殖细胞移植是指将供体的生殖细胞移植到同种或异种受体体内,供体生殖细胞嵌合到受体性腺,经过增殖、分化并最终发育为功能性配子的过程。作为辅助生殖技术,它不仅为珍稀濒危动物的繁育和保护提供了新途径,同时也为生殖干细胞的功能研究提供了有效手段。鱼类生殖细胞移植研究首先在模式鱼类斑马鱼中开展,经过十多年的发展,取得了一系列突破性的进展:主要包括先后建立了以胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼为受体的生殖细胞移植体系,精原和卵原干细胞的发现拓宽了供体生殖细胞的选择,受体的选择与制备方法的完善。该技术在缩短鱼类性成熟周期、性控育种、珍稀濒危鱼类保护等方面具有巨大的应用前景,已成功在多种淡水和海水鱼类中开展了研究和应用。本文结合作者的研究实践和经验,系统地梳理和总结了鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展,指出了该技术实践应用的关键问题,并探讨了其应用前景。     

Artificially induced tetraploid masu salmon have the ability to form primordial germ cells

Diploid gametes generated with tetraploid animals are a stepping stone to improving chromosome manipulation techniques. However, artificially induced tetraploid individuals generally die soon after hatching. Diploid gametes could be induced by in vivo cultures of tetraploid primordial germ cells (PGCs) through germ-line chimera. In the present study, characteristics of PGCs were studied in inviable tetraploid masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Histological observation of tetraploid embryos revealed that the same or smaller numbers of PGCs were observed and they migrate into the genital ridges as did diploid PGCs during gonadogenesis. By whole-mount in situ hybridization using vasa messenger RNA (mRNA), 4–35 vasa-positive signals were detected in a pair of genital ridges of tetraploids. By cytological observation of genital ridge cell suspensions, several large round cells were observed, some of which extended pseudopodia. They also contained large nuclei and round granules in their cytoplasm, characteristics of PGCs. As the results suggest that inviable artificial tetraploids have PGCs, we expect to achieve diploid gamete production through surrogate propagation and tetraploid fish production.     

长鳍吻鮈性腺发育的初步观察

采用常规石蜡切片技术对野生长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis(Sauvage et Dabry))性腺进行了组织学观察,描述了其各类型生殖细胞形态及卵巢、精巢的分期特征。结果显示:长鳍吻鮈卵巢为细线状或扁条状,精巢为细线状或直棍状;卵细胞发生经历了卵原细胞、初级卵母细胞和次级卵母细胞3个阶段,精细胞发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞及精子5个阶段;性腺发育分为6个时期,卵巢中第Ⅱ时相晚期至Ⅲ时相早期的初级卵母细胞中出现核仁外排现象;同一时期卵巢中存在多种时相的卵母细胞,故推测其卵巢发育类型为部分同步型,精巢为小叶型结构。     

蛋白质代谢通路对鸡雄性生殖细胞分化的调控

【目的】探究蛋白质代谢在鸡雄性生殖细胞分化过程中的作用机制,为完善鸡胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC)体外向雄性生殖细胞诱导分化体系研究提供依据。【方法】采用流式分选的方法获取高纯度的ESC、原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells,PGCs)和精原干细胞(spermatogonia stem cell,SSCs),分别提取细胞的总RNA,采用RNA-Seq方法对3种细胞的转录本进行深度测序,然后进行WEGO(web gene ontology)和KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)通路富集分析,筛选出鸡雄性生殖细胞分化过程中参与蛋白质代谢的关键通路及其关键基因,RT-q PCR(Real time Quantitative PCR)检测部分关键差异基因的表达变化,并与RNA-Seq(RNA sequencing)结果进行比较分析,同时分别从体内和体外水平对关键基因NOS2进行抑制,观察各分组不同天数的细胞形态变化及检测NOS2和C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因表达变化情况。【结果】在雄性生殖细胞分化的整个阶段,有697个差异基因参与生物代谢,显著富集于精氨酸-脯氨酸代谢通路、酪氨酸代谢通路以及色氨酸代谢通路,在这3条通路上筛选出NOS2、FAH和IDO等关键性基因,这些基因的在ESCs向SSCs分化过程中表达变化趋势与其在RNA-Seq中的结果一致。体内抑制NOS2基因后,NOS2及C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因在空白组和对照组之间无显著性的差异,而在抑制剂组中,NOS2及C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因的m RNA表达量均出现了降低;而体外抑制NOS2基因后,对照组中的ESCs在2、4、6、8和10d内细胞不断增殖,但是未出现类胚体;RA诱导组中,2d出现小的类胚体,4d类胚体增大,且数量增多,6d类胚体边缘开始出现破裂,8d类胚体解体,10d出现类精原样细胞;抑制剂组中,ESCs在2、4、6、8和10d内无类胚体出现,且相较于对照组细胞增殖缓慢;RA+抑制剂组中,2和4d内无类胚体出现,细胞增殖缓慢,6d出现小的类胚体,8d类胚体数量少量增多,且体积稍显增大,10d类胚体开始裂解。并且经过抑制剂的抑制后,NOS2及C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因的表达量在RA诱导组、抑制剂组和RA+抑制剂组中相对于对照组均呈显著性或极显著性的下调趋势。【结论】基于RNA-Seq技术及生物信息学方法筛选出ESCs向雄性生殖细胞分化过程中精氨酸-脯氨酸代谢通路及关键基因NOS2的基础上,通过对NOS2基因在鸡体内和体外的抑制,发现NOS2在被抑制后,ESCs向雄性生殖细胞分化的过程受到抑制。说明了精氨酸-脯氨酸代谢通路及关键基因NOS2对ESCs向雄性生殖细胞分化过程中起到重要的调节作用。     

米胚芽袋泡茶加工及冲泡条件研究

米胚芽营养成分丰富,富含生理活性物质。以米胚芽和红茶为原料制成新型袋泡茶,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最适加工条件和冲泡条件。结果表明,米胚芽袋泡红茶的最适加工条件为:焙烤温度150℃、时间2.5 h、粒度0.42mm。单因素试验表明,冲泡条件显著影响袋泡茶的感官品质,以90~100℃、120 m L的水冲泡5 min为宜,以第1次冲泡效果最佳,茶汤香气浓郁,并具有独特米胚芽焦香,色泽清澈金黄,滋味纯正。     

An improved method for bright-field imaging of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant roots

Easy observation methods to assess the colonization levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in plant roots are crucial for studying the biology of AM symbiosis and for considering agricultural use. Many AM studies employ Trypan Blue (TB) coupled with lactic acid to stain AM fungal structures as bright-field images; however, TB staining can be difficult to use owing to its noxiousness and high viscosity. Here, we report the development of an easy method for visualizing AM fungal structures as bright-field images using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which specifically targets N-acetylglucosamine polymers and detects AM fungal cell walls, penetrated the cortical layers of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH)-treated soybean roots and stained AM fungal mycelia in the presence of DAB and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Comparison between DAB and TB staining of soybean (Glycine max L.) roots suggested that the intactness of root systems and image contrast using DAB staining were superior. Background signals in stele observed by DAB staining were negligible as compared with those observed by WGA-fluorescein isothiocyanate staining. DAB staining, which combines the advantages of TB (easy bright-field imaging) and WGA-fluorophore (specific and high-quality) staining, provides a robust imaging method for macro- and micro-level analyses of AM roots and is applicable to at least six crops: soybean, onion (Alium cepa L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).     

Effect of wheat germ flour addition on wheat flour,dough and Chinese steamed bread properties

Wheat germ flour (WGF) has been developed as a functional food ingredient with high nutritional value. In this study, WGF was applied in steamed bread-making in order to improve the quality of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). Partial substitution of wheat flour with WGF at levels of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% (w/w) was carried out to investigate physicochemical properties of blends and their steaming performance. Falling number (FN) values of composite flours ranged from 199 to 223 s. Viscosity analysis results showed that wheat flour mixed with WGF had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosities. Dough rheological properties were also investigated using farinograph and extensograph. The addition of WGF diluted the gluten protein in dough and formed weak and inextensible dough, which can be studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. CSB made with WGF had significantly lower volume, specific volume and higher spread ratio. The sensory acceptability and physicochemical quality of CSB were improved with the application of a low level of WGF (3% and 6%). However, results showed that a high level of WGF over 9% is not recommended because of unsatisfactory taste. As a whole, addition of appropriate level of WGF in wheat flour could improve the quality of CSB.     

脱脂玉米胚蛋白乳饮料工艺优化

将经过超临界CO2萃取脱脂的玉米胚芽应用于乳饮料的生产,以乳饮料的稳定性及感官品质评定作为考察指标,通过单因素试验与正交试验相结合的方法确定玉米胚蛋白乳饮料最佳工艺,并研究其稳定性.结果表明:脱脂玉米胚蛋白乳饮料的最佳工艺条件为:各成分以质量分数计,脱脂玉米胚芽添加量3％、柠檬酸添加量0.2％、复合稳定剂添加量0.25％、乳粉添加量2.5％、绵白糖添加量10％.在此条件下,可得到组织状态均匀、风味独特、口感柔和细腻、酸甜可口且具有较好稳定性的脱脂玉米胚蛋白乳饮料.     

第28期鸡胚原始生殖细胞的分离培养

[目的]进一步优化生殖细胞（PGCs）细胞体外培养条件。[方法]从第28期（5．5d）鸡胚生殖嵴分离PGCs,将PGCs与性腺基质细胞共培养进行原代培养,比较2种培养温度和3种培养浓度对PGCs原代培养的影响,以及2种饲养层细胞对PGCs传代培养的影响,并通过倒置显微镜下形态学观察、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和过碘酸希夫反应（PAS）染色方法鉴定PGCs。[结果]培养浓度为2．5×10^5个／ml和培养温度为37℃时PGCs增殖较多,不易分化,存活能力较强,以第2代鸡胚成纤维细胞作饲养层时传代培养效果较好,获得了PGCs增殖的未分化集落,为后期的细胞标记及移植研究提供了较多数量和较高活力的PGCs。[结论]获得了PGCs原代与传代培养较好的培芥体系,为禽类EG细胞系的建立和转基因研究奠定了基础。     

生物复合菌肥“地霸”的菌群分离鉴定及生物学特性的初步研究

对生物复合菌肥进行菌群的分离鉴定、含菌量的测定和比较以及菌株生物学特性的初步研究.该生物复合菌肥中含有活性较高的固氮菌(维氏固氮菌)、钾细菌和无机磷细菌,每克菌肥中细菌总数达到2.0亿～2.5亿.固氮菌在修改的Dobereiner无氮培养基上生长良好,固氮活性较强,该菌生长最适温度在20～32℃之间,生长的pH值范围是5.5～8.5,最适pH值是7.5.