白菜型春油菜果喙生长与其生产特性研究

通过不同品种（系）的田间小区试验及剪喙处理,研究白菜型春油菜果喙生长状况、叶绿素含量及生产力。结果表明：果喙长度在开花后14d基本定型,平均果喙长度占果身长度的38．9％。叶绿素含量为叶片大于果喙,果喙大于果壳,果喙叶绿素含量平均为果壳叶绿素含量的2．7倍以上。剪喙后,角果长度、宽度、果壳干重、角粒数、千粒重和角粒重均呈下降趋势。剪喙时间愈早,对角果生长及其生产力的影响程度愈大。开花后14d剪喙处理的角粒重下降率为20％左右。     

Claw trimming routines in relation to claw lesions, claw shape and lameness in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie stalls and free stalls

We assessed the prevalence of claw lesions, abnormal claw shapes and lameness in relation to most-recent claw-trimming routines in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie stalls and free stalls. Equal-sized groups were randomly sampled from both tie and free stalls in each of the three most animal-dense regions in Norway. The study population consisted of 2551 cows of the Norwegian Red breed housed in 54 tie stalls and 52 free stalls. Fourteen educated claw trimmers performed claw trimming and recording of claw lesions once during the spring of 2002. A multivariable model including cluster effects and individual-cow factors was fit for each claw lesion and abnormal claw shape.

In tie-stall herds with routine trimming 39.9% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 52.8% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in tie stalls with concrete stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had more haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 2.8) and corkscrewed hind claws (OR = 3.6) versus herds trimmed routinely; herds never trimmed had more heel-horn erosions (OR = 2.6) versus herds trimmed routinely and less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.2) versus herds trimmed occasionally.

In free-stall herds with routine trimming 76.8% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 68.9% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in free stalls with concrete stall base: herds never trimmed had less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed routinely; and also less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and white-line fissures (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed occasionally. Hind-claw results in free stalls with rubber-mat stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had less heel-horn erosions (OR = 0.5) and more dermatitis (OR = 5.4) versus herds trimmed routinely.

The routine claw trimming performed in Norwegian free stalls has not had the desired effects on claw lesions and abnormal claw shapes. Routine trimming in tie stalls, however, seems to have prevented claw disorders.     

Review of Pododermatitis circumscripta (ulceration of the sole) in dairy cows

Sole ulcers are among the most frequent causes of lameness in dairy cattle. They are found most commonly in the hind lateral claw, are frequently bilateral, and have a high rate of reoccurrence. The pathogenesis of sole ulceration is primarily based on mechanical injury by the 3rd phalanx to the corium, basement membrane, and basal layers of the sole epidermis as a result of failure of the suspensory apparatus in the claw. The main pathways in the failure of the suspensory system include inflammatory (dermal vascular changes followed by disruption of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation caused by local and systemic mediators) and noninflammatory (hormonal and biochemical changes in the peripartum period resulting in alterations of connective tissue in the suspensory system) pathways. Sole ulcers tend to occur in specific locations; the most reported site is the junction of the axial heel and sole. Other locations include the apex of the toe and the heel. Varying degrees of lameness may result, and the most severe are seen with complicated cases in which ascending infection affects the deeper structures of the claw. Pathologic changes at the ulcer site include dyskeratosis and dilated horn tubules with microcracks. Vascular changes include dilatation and thrombosis of capillaries with "neocapillary formation." Areas of dyskeratosis may remain for as long as 50 days at the ulcer site. Treatment includes corrective trimming and relief of weight bearing. Complicated cases may require surgical intervention.     

断喙应激对雏鸡胸腺细胞凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白表达的影响

为研究断喙应激对雏鸡胸腺细胞凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白表达的影响,采用电子显微镜技术、流式细胞术和免疫组织化学技术分析断喙对鸡胸腺淋巴细胞的细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2和Bax)表达的影响.结果表明:采用电子显微镜技术观察到断喙对胸腺淋巴细胞产生明显的影响,断喙组胸腺细胞内可看到细胞核明显的应激反应,细胞核凝集,较致密,部分细胞核即将溶解,并出现一定数量的凋亡和坏死细胞;流式细胞仪检测表明对照组和断喙组的胸腺内淋巴细胞都是以G1期为主,但断喙组G1期淋巴细胞数量比试验组高;对照组和断喙组胸腺淋巴细胞凋亡率在断喙后5d时差异显著(P＜0.05);免疫组化结果表明断喙应激没有影响Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在免疫器官内的表达部位;但有降低Bcl 2在胸腺细胞内表达量的趋势;有提高Bax在胸腺细胞内表达量的趋势.结果表明断喙应激促进了雏鸡胸腺淋巴细胞凋亡.     

基于红外测温技术的切喙器刀片温度检测

对雏鸡进行切喙时,切喙器刀片温度过低往往导致操作者用力过大,切喙时间延长,造成雏鸡死亡,同时不易止血;刀片温度过高则会导致鸡喙部软化,舌尖变形,进而出现一系列应激反应。因此切喙器刀片的温度控制至关重要。本文应用红外测温仪对刀片温度进行检测,介绍了红外测温仪工作原理,说明了选型方法,详细分析了在实际应用中可能影响测量结果准确性的各种因素,并给出相应的解决方法。     

双吸泵叶轮切削后效率下降机理及切削定律

工程中经常存在双吸离心泵实际扬程远高于输水系统所需扬程的情况,通常采用切削水泵叶轮以达到泵站节能的目的。为了研究叶轮切削对双吸离心泵水力性能的影响,该文采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对叶轮切削后的双吸离心泵外特性和内部流场进行了CFD分析,首次揭示了叶轮切削后的水力损失机理,包括损失的位置、大小和原因。研究发现,随切削量增加,性能曲线上最优效率点位置向小流量工况显著偏移,双吸离心泵的最优效率值逐渐下降。叶轮切削而增加的水力损失主要产生在叶轮内部,这是由于叶轮切削后,叶片对水流控制能力变弱致流道内漩涡增多,造成叶轮部分水力损失明显增加;而隔舌间隙增大并未使压水室内的水力损失明显增加。在叶轮切削量一定前提下,在大流量工况,数值预测的结果与相似换算理论值近似相等;当切削量超过4%时,在小流量工况,依相似定律换算得到的扬程和轴功率值低于CFD计算结果。     

Failure of acid secretion during infection of the ovine abomasum by the nematode parasite Teladorsagia circumcincta

Elevation of the abomasal pH of ruminants is a well known consequence of nematode parasitism. Many have argued that the nematodes seek to increase pH to promote their survival. Indeed, there is limited evidence that substances released by the parasites are capable of directly influencing parietal cell activity. In one experimental series, excretions/secretions (ES) of Teladorsagia circumcincta reduced the apparent activity of rabbit gastric glands. Worm ES were shown to contain ammonia, probably accounting for the observed activity, and the effects of ES/ammonia are almost certainly an in-vitro phenomenon only. An alternative hypothesis contends that the loss of acid secretion arises as a consequence of the profound host response elicited by the presence of the parasites. Invariably, presence of parasites is accompanied by an inflammatory response in which eosinophils are conspicuous. Recent research has shown that exudates from inflamed tissues were also inhibitory to gastric gland activity and that during infection, expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-beta, the most potent known inhibitor of acid secretion by parietal cells, was increased. Further, the elevation of abomasal pH may prove to have adverse effects on the ability of the parasites to maintain their position within the abomasum.     

Relationship between herd-level incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases,general risk factors and claw lesions in individual dairy cows recorded at maintenance claw trimming

Background

Laminitis and energy-related postpartum diseases share several risk factors, indicating a common etiology. Thus, a herd’s incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases, such as displaced abomasum and clinical ketosis, might reflect the likelihood of cows to suffer from laminitis-related claw lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between herd-level incidence rate of displaced abomasum and clinical ketosis, general risk factors, and claw lesions in individual cows recorded at maintenance claw trimming.

Methods

The dataset consisted of 6773 trimmings, performed between 2004 and 2006 by professional trimmers, from 3607 Swedish Red and Swedish Holstein cows in 26 herds. The herds were classified as having a high, inconsistent-high or low incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases, based on the number of recorded cases of veterinary-diagnosed displaced abomasum and clinical ketosis in the Swedish national animal disease recording system during 2002 to 2006, and observations and interviews in connections with herd visits. Generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate the association between herd-level incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases and laminitis-related lesions including sole ulcer and sole hemorrhage; and hygiene-related lesions including interdigital dermatitis, digital dermatitis, heel-horn erosion, verrucose dermatitis, and interdigital hyperplasia; and absence of any claw lesion. Systematic effects, including first-order interactions, with P < 0.05 were included in the models. Herd classification was forced into the models, and a random effect of herd was included.

Results

In comparison to herds with a high incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases, low-incidence herds showed a lower odds ratio (OR; 0.2) for laminitis-related lesions in cows trimmed during the summer months. Low-incidence herds also showed numerically lower OR estimates for laminitis-related lesions in all parity classes and a numerically lower OR for hygiene-related lesions. In addition, low-incidence herds showed tendencies towards a numerically higher OR for absence of any lesion, irrespective of trimming season or parity.

Conclusions

Only a few statistically significant associations were found, but several tendencies pointed towards better claw health in herds with low as compared with high incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases.     

整形修剪措施对幼龄桂花树生长的影响研究初报

以生长较直立的3a生丹桂苗为试材,研究了不同主干高、主干数及拉枝、环割和环剥等技术措施对丹桂苗生长的影响。结果表明:随着主干高度的升高,桂花幼树树高和平均生长量升高,冠幅和总生长量降低;与主干高度正好相反,随着主干数的增加,桂花幼树树高和平均生长量降低,而冠幅和总生长量升高。