新型中草药添加剂在母猪阶段的喂养试验

分两组从母猪产前30 d至断乳进行试验观察。考虑到猪场喂药、产仔、拌料方便,试验组选择53头母猪在产前30 d给怀孕母猪饲喂添加新型中草药制剂(主要含多喂康颗粒Ⅰ型、益母草、鱼腥草);对照组选择42头母猪,根据该场日常饲养状况进行饲养(产前10 d投喂抗生素进行预防性用药)。通过新型中草药制剂喂养试验说明,新型中草药添加剂在产前30 d投喂对提高健仔数、成活率、出生重和断乳重有重要作用,使用新型中草药新制剂作为预防用药与抗生素相比成本降低了,生态效益也得到改善。     

Genetic parameters for maternal behaviour traits in sows

Data from 32 nucleus and multiplier herds in Germany was used to estimate variance components and breeding values for five maternal behaviour traits in sows. The estimation was performed univariately using an animal threshold model. About 31,000 farrowings recorded from December 2003 until July 2005 were included. The heritability coefficients were 0.07 (0.06) for group behaviour, 0.06 (0.03) for attitude to people, 0.05 (0.01) for maternal ability, 0.03 (0.01) for crushing of piglets and 0.02 (0.02) for savaging of piglets. Additionally, genetic correlations between the behaviour traits and between the behaviour traits and litter size, respectively, were estimated multivariately by REML with a linear model. Low heritability and weak genetic correlation to litter size at birth indicate that it may be difficult to genetically improve the maternal behaviour, and that selection for better mothering ability is not necessarily accompanied by reduced litter size at birth.     

壳寡糖对妊娠后期母猪免疫功能和仔猪初生重的影响

[目的]研究饲粮中添加壳寡糖对妊娠后期母猪免疫功能和仔猪初生重的影响,并探讨壳寡糖的适宜添加量。[方法]选择健康的、体重和预产期相近的四胎次"长×大"母猪35头,随机分为5组,每组7个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不添加壳寡糖),试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ在基础饲粮中分别添加壳寡糖30、90、270和810 g/t。试验从母猪妊娠85 d开始,至产仔结束。[结果]饲粮中添加壳寡糖对仔猪初生重、母猪血清白介素2(IL-2)浓度和补体C3蛋白浓度均无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮添加不同水平的壳寡糖显著提高母猪血清中溶菌酶的浓度(P0.05)。饲粮中添加不同水平的壳寡糖显著提高母猪血清猪瘟抗体sIgA的浓度(P0.05),而试验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ初乳中猪瘟抗体sIgA浓度无显著差异(P0.05),试验组Ⅲ和Ⅳ初乳母源猪瘟抗体sIgA浓度显著提高(P0.05)。[结论]妊娠后期母猪饲粮中壳寡糖的适宜添加量为270 g/t。     

Lactation efficiency as a result of body composition dynamics and feed intake in sows

Through genetic selection and improvement of environment, litter size of sows increases. Increased energy requirement during lactation, increases the risk of excessive mobilization from body stores, with detrimental effects on reproductive performance. Feed intake capacity tends to decrease due to selection towards leaner pigs with a lower feed conversion ratio. However, to facilitate sows to wean large litters extra feed intake, or even better, a higher feed efficiency during lactation would be favourable. The objective of the present study was to describe the dynamics of body composition of sows and piglets during lactation, and to relate these traits to a newly introduced trait called “lactation efficiency”. Energy metabolism of lactating sows was described, based on on-farm observations of weight and backfat of sows before parturition and at weaning, weight of piglets at birth and at weaning and feed intake of sows during lactation. “Lactation efficiency” was defined as energy efficiency of sows, and calculated for individual sows at two different farms. The average lactation efficiency was 68% and 65% for both farms; meaning that 68 and 65% of the metabolisable energy through feed intake or mobilization from body stores, above maintenance of the sow (input), was used for piglet growth and piglet maintenance (output). The association between lactation efficiency and other reproductive traits was studied by estimating the correlations within farms. Sows with a higher lactation efficiency showed lower feed intake (r = − 0.27 and r = − 0.35 for both farms respectively) and smaller fat losses (r = − 0.34 and r = − 0.29, respectively). The energy output of efficient sows was slightly higher (r = 0.23 and r = 0.30). The more efficient sows were the better mothers, as mortality of their piglets was lower (r = − 0.12 and r = − 0.16), piglet growth rate was higher (r = 0.16 and r = 0.23), and at weaning their litters were less variable (r = − 0.08; only available at one farm). Results were remarkably similar for the two farms, despite different feeding strategies. Extra input, by means of feed intake or mobilization from body stores generated extra output by means of litter weight at weaning. This experiment demonstrated that an accurate recording of energy metabolism and relevant reproduction traits with little intervention is possible on commercial farms.     

Impact of rank position on fertility of sows

The investigations were carried out with 484 sows from two farms (farm A: housing the sows in small groups of 8 animals each, farm B with a large group of 100 sows) and a total number of 982 inseminations. The number of agonistic interactions was registered for each sow during 48 h after mixing soon after weaning the piglets at farm A. The individual rank place in the social hierarchy was calculated on the basis of wins and defeats and the sows were divided in high and low ranking sows. At farm B the rank position was estimated on the basis of the daily feeding order at two electronic feeding stations (first half of the sows in the feeding order = high ranking, second half = low ranking). Additionally, the following parameters were recorded for each sow: parity, genotype, farrowing rate and litter size (total and alive born piglets). The analysis showed that sows with a high rank position had a significantly higher farrowing rate (88.8%) compared to group-mates with low rank places (82.8%, p = 0.051) (farm A). Sows with a high rank position reached a significantly higher litter size of total born piglets (12.66, 16.14 piglets per litter respectively) than the low-ranking group-mates (12.13, 14.83 piglets/litter respectively — farms A and B). When mixing sows, the time and the conditions (e.g. group size, space allowance per sow) have to be considered to prevent the negative influence of low rank order on fertility.     

抗菌肽对母猪生产性能及仔猪生长性能的影响

为观察抗菌肽对母猪生产性能及仔猪生长性能的影响。试验于母猪预产期前30天开始在饲料中添加0.3%抗菌肽,观察母猪产仔及仔猪的健康状况。结果表明：试验组与对照组相比：死胎率降低了33.3%、木乃伊率降低100%、初生成活率提高6.0 %、初生平均头重提高1.3%、窝平均存活数提高32.1%、断奶成活率提高3.3%、断奶平均头重提高25.1%、平均净增重提高32.8%。说明抗菌肽饲料添加剂可有效提高母猪的生产性能和哺乳仔猪的生长性能。     

Effect of Different Treatment on Anther Callus Formation and Browning in Balsam Pear （Mornordica charantia L.）

Brown callus derived from anther limited the application of anther culture in balsam pear. In order to establish a more perfect regeneration system from anther cultuer, the effects of low temperature pretreatment, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, vitamin C （Vc） and silver nitrate （AgNO3） on callus induction and browning in anther culture of balsam pear （Momordiea charantia L.） were investigated. The results showed that after pretreatment at 4 ℃ for 1 day, callus induction rate was the highest and browning rate was the lowest. Anthers on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L formed more and better callus. The medium supplemented with Vc or AgNO3 was advantageous to the induction of callus and reduction of browning. When cultured on medium supplemented with 50 mg/L Vc or 5 mg/L AgNO3, callus induction rate was the highest and browning rate was rather low.     

吉林省玉米生产省域尺度上比较优势分析及建议

从播种面积指数、单产指数、效益指数以及综合比较优势指数的角度分析了吉林省玉米生产的比较优势,结果表明,和全国其他省份相比吉林玉米播种面积指数和单产指数具有明显的比较优势,1997—2001五年平均均位于全国第三位;效益指数和全国平均水平相比具有比较优势,和全国优势省份相比不具有比较优势,1997—2001五年平均位于全国第十二位。综合比较优势指数具有明显的比较优势,1997~2001五年平均位于全国第四位。在此基础上,提出吉林省发展玉米生产的对策建议。     

Factors influencing farmers' responses to welfare legislation: A case study of gestation sow housing in Flanders (Belgium)

In the light of the EU ban on individual confinement of gestating sows which will have to be fully implemented by 2013, a survey was conducted among a representative sample of Flemish pig producers. The questionnaire was sent by post to 250 farmers in 2003 and 352 farmers in 2005 of which 219 and 296, respectively, provided valid responses via telephone. The percentage of respondents housing (some of) their sows in group was 10.5% in 2003 and 16.2% in 2005. These farmers were more likely to have a successor than farmers housing their sows individually. The most common group housing systems were free access stalls (24%) followed by electronic feeding stations (21%), ad libitum feeding (20%), feeding stalls/troughs (18%), and drop/trickle feeding systems (13%). Interval (4%) and electronic feed dispensers (0%) were very rare in Flanders. The main criteria for having chosen a particular group housing system related to sow health and welfare, investment costs and amount of labour. The relative importance of economic reasons has increased over time. Users were generally rather satisfied with their group housing system. Farmers using group housing for all their sows were more satisfied than farmers using both group and individual housing. Users of ad libitum feeding systems (and feeding stalls/troughs) were more satisfied than users of electronic feeding stations. A minority of respondents was planning to change to group housing within two years time (4.1% in 2003 and 7.4% in 2005). These tended to be young farmers with a large sow herd and 58% reported to opt for free access stalls. The main reason why the remaining respondents were not planning to change to group housing yet is that they will stop farming activities before 2013. This reason was particularly important for older small-scale farmers without a successor. In contrast, the lack of financial resources and security was particularly important for young farmers of a large sow herd with a likely successor. An increasing group of farmers (often without a successor) reported to delay changing to group housing because they consider individual housing more profitable. These results show that, in Flanders, the conversion to group housing is taking place slowly, that the reasons for not converting yet vary according to the farmers' age, the likelihood of a successor and herd size, and that there are differences between operational group housing systems concerning herd size, age of the system, sow management and user satisfaction.     

Mixing of sows with or without the presence of a boar

A total number of 26 groups of 8 sows each were mixed after weaning the piglets in a special stimulation pen, including 13 groups with and 13 groups without boar presence. Behavioural measurements were taken for 48 h after mixing and all agonistic interactions (AI) were recorded into a winner–loser-matrix. Additionally, the duration of the AI and the start situation (aggressor–receiver) were determined. Also the skin lesions of each sow 24 h before and after mixing were scored. A total of 90% of the AI were initiated by the dominant sow in the concerned dyad. In more than 50% of all cases low ranking sows were attacked by higher ranking sows. Low ranking sows had a significantly higher skin lesion score than high ranking sows (9.6 vs 6.9). 12.8% of the AI were fights. Fights (mean duration: 30 s) took ten times longer than attacks. Boar presence did not affect the total number of AI per sow but decreased the number of fights to almost half (3.6 vs 6.4). Duration of fighting was shortened by boar presence (14.9 vs 39.6 s). The skin lesion score and the sociometric parameters were unaffected by treatment. Frequency of AI per group was affected by the microclimate and the number of acquainted dyads (pairs). The number of AI was reduced by a higher enthalpy and a higher number of acquainted sows, respectively.