探讨牛瘤胃酸中毒的中西医结合治疗效果

现代牛养殖与生产中,牛瘤胃酸中毒是比较常见的一种消化性病症,该病发病急、病牛死亡快,所以很容易给奶牛行业带来巨大经济损失。本研究通过分析牛瘤胃酸中毒原因与症状,提出对牛瘤胃酸中毒实施中西医结合治疗方法,观察其治疗效果,以期能够为牛养殖提供有用的治疗建议。     

体外产气法评价不同分级指数玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合发酵特性

为明确不同分级指数（Grading index,GI）下牦牛日粮粗饲料营养情况,本试验选取了5种不同GI（7.20,6.43,5.66,4.89,4.12）的玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合,其质量比分别为70：30,60：40,50：50,40：60,30：70,进行牦牛瘤胃体外发酵试验,旨在探究不同组合下牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果。试验结果表明：发酵48 h时,GI=7.20组合的累积产气量（Gas production,GP）显著高于或极显著高于其他组合（P<0.05或P<0.01）;各GI组合的干物质降解率（Dry matter degradation in vitro,IVDMD）差异不显著（P>0.05）;发酵3 h和12 h时,GI=7.20组合的中性洗涤纤维降解率（Neutral detergent fiber in vitro,IVNDFD）与GI=6.43组合差异不显著但极显著高于其他GI组合（P<0.01）;3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h时的氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,48 h时的NH₃-N浓度随着GI降低呈现出先减小后增加趋势,GI=7.20时的NH₃-N浓度最大;发酵48 h时,各GI组合的微生物蛋白（Microbial protein,MCP）浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,但GI=7.20时的MCP浓度最大;发酵48 h时,乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸（Total volatile fatty acid,TVFA）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,GI=7.20时的乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度最大;各GI组合发酵6 h~48 h均呈现了正组合效应,综合组合效应值（Multiply factors associative effects index,MFAEI）随着GI减小呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且各时间段GI=7.20组合的MFAEI高于其他GI组合。综上所述,GI值为7.20玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合的牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果最优。     

西北地区8种耐旱植物营养成分在秦川肉牛瘤胃的降解情况

本试验采集了西北地区8种耐旱植物(柠条、油蒿、桑叶、苦马豆、千屈菜、香豆子、元宝枫叶、无芒雀麦),选用4头体重相近的秦川牛肉用新品系瘤胃瘘管公牛进行试验,探究8种植物干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性。结果：常规营养成分：CP含量从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、千屈菜、油蒿、元宝枫叶、柠条、香豆子、桑叶、苦马豆(P<0.05);元宝枫叶与油蒿NDF、 ADF含量相近(P>0.05),其他植物均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。瘤胃降解特性：桑叶与苦马豆的DM降解效果显著高于其他6种植物(P<0.05),无芒雀麦48 h的 DM降解率仅29.56%,显著低于其他植物(P<0.05),油蒿、千屈菜、元宝枫叶48 h时DM降解情况差异不显著(P>0.05);CP的ED值从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、元宝枫叶、千屈菜、油蒿、柠条、香豆子、桑叶、苦马豆(P<0.05);NDF的ED值从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、元宝枫叶、油蒿、千屈菜、柠条、香豆子、苦马豆、桑叶(P<0.05),ADF的ED值从小到大依次为无芒雀麦、元宝枫叶、油蒿、千屈菜、苦马豆、香豆子、柠条、桑叶,其中柠条、苦马豆、香豆子和油蒿、元宝枫叶差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

羔羊精饲料在瘤胃中有机物降解率预测模型的建立

[目的]测定不同饲料在瘤胃中有机物降解率,并建立其预测模型。[方法]通过尼龙袋法测定不同饲料厂生产的羔羊早期育肥精饲料的瘤胃有机物降解率,分析瘤胃有机物降解率与其饲料化学成分的相关性,并提出通过饲料营养成分预测有机物动态降解率的预测模型。[结果]各饲料在瘤胃有机物动态降解率的高低顺序为C1羔羊料E1羔羊料F1羔羊料I1羔羊料A1羔羊料D1羔羊料H1羔羊料G1羔羊料。瘤胃有机物动态降解率与羔羊料的常规营养成分的回归方程为ED=145.387-0.606DM-2.364CP-4.041EE-1.857NDF+2.271ADF+7.573ASH(r=0.926)。预测ED与实测ED的相关系数为0.88。[结论]该研究可为快速评定精饲料的瘤胃有效动态降解率提供了预测模型。     

应用体外短期发酵法评定牧草及秸秆干物质的消化率

用体外短期发酵法测定了6种牧草和6种秸秆的消化率。试验结果表明,用稀释瘤胃液(50mL)培养6种牧草和6种秸秆适宜的样量为0.5g,适宜的培养时间为36h。在此条件下测得的消化率与Tilley法测定的消化率极显著的正相关(P<0.01),而且该法有较好的重复性。     

Expression of esterase gene in yeast for organophosphates biodegradation

Organophosphates are esters of phosphoric acid and can be hydrolyzed and detoxified by carboxylesterase and phosphotriesterase. In this work esterase enzyme (Est5S) was expressed in yeast to demonstrate the organophosphorus hydrolytic activity from a metagenomic library of cow rumen bacteria. The esterase gene (est5S) is 1098 bp in length, encoding a protein of 366 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 40 kDa. Est5S enzyme was successfully produced by Pichia pastoris at a high expression level of approximately 4.0 g L⁻¹. With p-nitrophenol butyrate as the substrate, the optimal temperature and pH for enzyme activity were determined to be 40 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. The esterase enzyme was tested for degradation of chlorpyrifos (CP). TLC results obtained inferred that CP could be degraded by esterase enzyme (Est5S) and HPLC results revealed that CP could be efficiently degraded up to 100 ppm. Cadusafos (CS), coumaphos (CM), diazinon (DZ) dyfonate (DF), ethoprophos (EP), fenamiphos (FM), methylparathion (MPT), and parathion (PT) were also degraded up to 68, 60, 80, 40, 45, 60, 95, and 100%, respectively, when used as a substrate with Est5S protein. The results highlight the potential use of this enzyme in the cleanup of contaminated insecticides.     

绒山羊瘤胃甲烷菌mcrA基因的RFLP分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the population composition of methanogens in rumen fluid of grazing Inner Mongolian cashmere goat. [Method] Total DNAs of various bacteria in rumen fluid were isolated for PCR amplification using the specifically designed primers based on conservative mcrA sequence of methanogens; then mcrA specific clone library was accordingly established. The restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) of the library was further analyzed by digestion of restriction enzyme Taq I. [Result] One hundred and five randomly selected specific colonies were classified into six RFLP types, among which the dominant type accounts for 38%, and other types account for 27%, 18%, 5.5% and 4.5%, respectively. [Conclusion] There are at least six different methanogens in rumen fluid of grazing Inner Mongolian cashmere goat.     

Artificial neural network models of the rumen fermentation pattern in dairy cattle

The objectives of this study were: (1) to predict the rumen fermentation pattern from milk fatty acids using a machine learning technique, i.e. artificial neural networks (ANN) combined with feature selection and (2) to compare the prediction accuracy of the resulting model to that of a statistical multi-linear regression model, based on odd and branched chain milk fatty acids. Data were collected from 10 experiments with rumen fistulated dairy cows, resulting in a dataset of 138 observations. Feature selection was based on correlation and principal component analysis, and background physiological knowledge. Different ANN architectures and training algorithms were assessed. The evaluation of the model performance, based on the test dataset, showed a root mean square prediction error, expressed relative to the observed mean, of 2.65%, 7.67% and 7.61% of the observed mean for acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively. Compared to a multi-linear regression model, the ANN revealed not to perform significantly better. However, the results confirm that milk fatty acids have great potential to predict molar proportions of individual volatile fatty acids in the rumen.     

饲粮能量浓度对生茸期梅花鹿瘤胃消化代谢的影响

选用 4头装置永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年梅花鹿 ,用 3种含有不同能量浓度的精料补充料日粮 ,按 4× 3拉丁方试验设计 ,对瘤胃内 pH值、氨态氮 (NH3 N)、三氯醋酸沉淀蛋白 (TCA P)和总挥发性脂肪酸 (TVFA)浓度进行了测定 ,并研究了其动态变化规律以及VFA组分百分率。试验结果表明 ,日粮能量浓度对瘤胃内 pH值、NH3 N浓度、TVFA浓度没有显著的影响(P >0 0 5) ;而对玉米青贮采食量及TCA P浓度影响显著 (P <0 0 1 ) ,随着日粮能量浓度的提高 ,瘤胃内TCA P浓度也极显著的提高 (P <0 0 1 )。试验结果还指出 ,瘤胃内主要代谢参数均受进食的显著影响 ,在采食前后不同时间点均呈现一定的动态变化规律     

4个青贮玉米品种的青贮发酵品质及瘤胃降解特性的比较

为筛选出适合在苏中地区种植的青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)品种,本试验对4个青贮玉米品种进行全株青贮,比较青贮品质和瘤胃降解特性.试验结果表明:'雅玉8号'全株玉米青贮的乳酸含量较高(P＜0.05),pH值、氨态氮含量和乙酸含量低于'扬大109'(P＜0.05).全株玉米青贮的瘤胃干物质有效降解率由高到低依次为'康...