Long-lasting enhancement of CYP activity after discontinuation of repeated administration of phenobarbital in dogs

We investigated how long in vivo hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity is enhanced even after discontinuation of repeated oral administration of phenobarbital (PB) in dogs using antipyrine clearance, which reflects hepatic CYP activity. A single antipyrine (5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously before and 34 days after the repeated oral administration of PB (5 mg/kg, bid) and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the discontinuation of PB in 5 dogs. Antipyrine clearance was increased by the repeated administration of PB, and remained increased 2 and 4, but not 6 and 8 weeks after the discontinuation of PB. The result suggests that hepatic CYP activity was enhanced by the repeated administration of PB, and this enhancement may last for at least 4 weeks even after its discontinuation.     

植物雌激素大豆苷元的药物动力学研究进展

植物雌激素大豆苷元具有抗氧化活性、心血管保护作用、抗癌作用、消炎作用、抗溃疡作用及雌激素等多种药理功能。综述大豆苷元的药物动力学方面的研究进展,为大豆苷元的药剂学研究和发展以大豆苷元为先导物的前药修饰提供科学依据。     

敌百虫在乌鳢体内和水环境中的代谢动力学及残留研究

[目的]明确敌百虫在水产养殖中的安全性。[方法]全池泼洒0.5 mg/L敌百虫,采用气相色谱法测定敌百虫在乌鳢体内的代谢动力学和残留消除规律。[结果]乌鳢组织和水样中敌百虫的最低检测限为0.02μg/m L。随着时间的延长,敌百虫在乌鳢血液中的浓度逐渐升高,120 h达最高,为0.072 mg/kg,至360 h时未检出。肌肉中12 h内未检出,24 h浓度为0.023 mg/kg,120 h检出最大浓度0.051 mg/kg,至288 h未检出。肝脏8 h未检出,12 h检出浓度为0.026 mg/kg。使用敌百虫后,乌鳢体内的药物残留量均低于我国的兽药最高残留限量要求,但在养殖水体中的残留时间较长,降解半衰期为35.19 h。[结论]为确保敌百虫使用后对水生态环境及食品安全,建议敌百虫使用后的休药期为150℃·d。     

TAP-HP-β-CD包合物在体外释药和鸡体内的药动学研究

[目的]研究甲砜霉素-羟丙基-β-环糊精（TAP-HP-β-CD）包合物的体外释药和鸡体内的吸收动力学特性。[方法]以甲砜霉素（TAP）原料药为对照药,采用小杯法测定TAP-HP-β-CD包合物的累积体外溶出度;将10只三黄鸡分成2组,即试验组和对照组,分别灌服TAP-HP-β-CD包合物和甲砜霉素粉后,分别在给药前、给药后0.08、0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50、2.00、3.00、4.00、6.00、8.00、10.00和12.00h鸡翅静脉采血2ml,取其血浆加入内标氟甲砜霉素,以乙腈提取溶剂,用RP-HPLC内标法检测其不同时间的血药浓度,采用3p87程序计算药物吸收动力学参数。[结果]TAP-HP-β-CD包合物的体外释药速度快,TAP包合物血药浓度达峰时间短、相对生物利用度高。[结论]该研究为TAP新剂型开发与利用提供了科学依据。     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in lactating dairy cows and beef steers following intravenous administration of enrofloxacin

The comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in lactating cows and beef steers. The plasma elimination half-life of either enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin was shorter in cows than in steers. The overall production of ciprofloxacin was slightly higher in steers than in cows (metabolite ratio: 64% and 59%, respectively). There was no significant difference in plasma protein binding of enrofloxacin between cows (percent bound: 59.4%) and steers (percent bound: 60.8%). Ciprofloxacin was more extensively bound to plasma proteins in steers (percent bound: 49.6%) than in cows (percent bound: 33.8%). The steady state volume of distribution of enrofloxacin is comparable in cows (1.55 L/kg) and steers (1.59 L/kg). Within either bovine class, plasma elimination half-life of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are comparable, while plasma protein binding was higher for enrofloxacin than for ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin was more concentrated in milk than enrofloxacin.     

Disodium-fosfomycin pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in post weaning piglets

Disodium-fosfomycin pharmacokinetics has been studied in different species after oral, intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. At present there are neither documented clinical experiences of the use of fosfomycin in pigs nor any published studies in weaning piglets, although it is a period of high incidence of infectious diseases. The pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of sodium fosfomycin were studied in post weaning piglets after intravenous and intramuscular administration of 15 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid ms/ms. After IV administration the area under the fosfomycin concentration:time curve in plasma was AUC_(0–12) of 120.00 ± 23.12 μg h/ml and the volume of distribution (Vd) of 273.00 ± 40.70 ml/kg. The elimination was rapid with a plasma clearance of 131.50 ± 30.07 ml/kg/h and a T_1/2 of 1.54 ± 0.40 h. Peak serum concentration (C_max), T_max, AUC_(0–12) and bioavailability for the IM administration were 43.00 ± 4.10 μg/ml, 0.75 ± 0.00 h, 99.00 ± 0.70 μg h/ml and 85.5 ± 9.90% respectively. Different authors have determined a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀) ranging from 0.25 μg/ml for Streptococcus sp. and 0.5 μg/ml for Escherichia coli. Considering the above, and according to the values of plasma concentration vs time profiles observed in this study, effective plasma concentrations of fosfomycin for sensitive bacteria can be obtained following IV and IM administration of 15 mg/kg in piglets.     

磺胺嘧啶钠在鸡体内过程的房室法分析

本文运用经典的房室分析法进行磺胺嘧啶对15只鸡静注、内服单剂量(0.2g/kg)和多剂量动力学研究,应用重氮化一偶合比色法测定血药浓度。试验除指出静注、内服的药时曲线符合无吸收二室开放模型和有吸收一室开放模型外,还对主要特征参数作了统计和表述。最后根据试验结果及药效学资料拟定的鸡连续静注、内服磺胺嘧啶钠的方案。     

米诺沙星在中国对虾体内的代谢动力学及在养殖系统中的消除

[目的]为米诺沙星在中国对虾养殖中的合理应用及环境安全提供理论依据。[方法]在水温21~22℃条件下,米诺沙星药饵以每天30 mg/kg虾体重连续投喂中国对虾5 d后,应用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)研究米诺沙星在中国对虾体内的代谢动力学以及米诺沙星在水环境及底泥环境中的分布和消除。[结果]试验结果表明:试验数据经3P87药动学软件分析,米诺沙星在中国对虾各组织中的代谢符合开放性二室模型。药饵给药后,大部分药物经饵料被对虾摄食,小部分的米诺沙星进入环境中,随着时间的推移,米诺沙星在水环境中的含量逐渐衰减,在同一时间时距离表层水面10 cm处与距离底泥表面10 cm处的水样样品含量在0.05水平无差异。水体中的米诺沙星的含量-时间拟合曲线回归方程为Y=-0.002 9lnX+0.008 6。[结论]底泥对米诺沙星有吸附作用,米诺沙星有向底泥转移的趋势。     

伊维菌素微球在家兔体内的药动学

皮下注射伊维菌素 (IVM )微球悬液 (5 0mg/kg及 10 0mg/kg)和害获灭 (1%伊维菌素 ,0 5mg/kg) ,RP HPLC UV法定量 ,研究了IVM在家兔体内的药物动力学。害获灭皮下注射给药 ,药 时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数为 :t1/2ka=7 2 4± 2 96h ;t1/2ke=36 38± 8 6 6h ;tmax=2 1 4 6± 4 82h ;Cmax=2 2 53± 2 32ng/ml;AUC =174 9± 318ng/1.h ,其动力学参数表现比较明显的个体差异 ,且与其它动物有明显差别。微球皮下注射一周后 ,血药浓度呈较稳定状态 ,到第 4 2天 (高剂量组 )和第 32天 (低剂量组 ) ,血浆中测不出H2 B1a(低于 2 5ng/ml)。以房室模型拟合 ,微球高低剂量组均符合有吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数均表现显著的个体差异。