奶牛次级性状的微卫星标记与QTL定位研究进展

对奶牛繁殖性状(产犊容易度、排卵数)、体型性状(乳房性状、肢蹄性状、体型性状)、健康性状(体细胞和乳房炎抗性)和生产效率性状(生产寿命、泌乳速度等)等4类次级性状QTL定位的研究进展进行了综述。     

植物微卫星引物开发方法

综述了开发植物微卫星引物的几种方法:搜寻核酸数据库和寻找已存在的微卫星引物;不同物种间共用;建立基因组文库;利用分子标记技术发展SSR引物。此外,还比较了几种方法的优缺点。     

分子标记选择小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4b、Pm13和Pm21聚合体

 培育多个抗病基因聚合的小麦品种是提高其抗病广谱性和持久性的有效途径之一。利用小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4、Pm13、Pm2 1的特异PCR标记 ,对含有Pm4b、Pm13、Pm2 1的小麦品系复合杂交F2 代 4 0个植株进行检测 ,从中选择到Pm4b +Pm13+Pm2 13个基因聚合的抗病植株 11个 ,检测、选择到Pm4b +Pm13、Pm4b +Pm2 1、Pm13+Pm2 12个基因聚合的抗病植株 19个 ,为持久、广谱抗病小麦育种奠定了基础。研究还表明 ,3个独立的显性抗病基因在F2 代分离群体中的分离比例基本符合孟德尔独立分配定律 ,在小麦背景下的遗传稳定性 ,与该基因供体和普通小麦的亲缘关系密切相关 ,亲缘关系越远 ,丢失的概率越大。因此 ,在育种过程中对外源基因鉴定和跟踪非常必要     

利用微卫星标记分析4个猪品种的遗传结构

利用5个微卫星标记对4个猪品种(山西马身猪、大白猪、长白猪和太原花猪)的遗传结构进行了分析,计算了遗传杂合度、有效等位基因数,得到了由Nei氏标准遗传距离为基础的NJ聚类图。结果表明:大白猪与马身猪以及大白猪与太原花猪的遗传关系较远,而山西马身猪与太原花猪的遗传关系较近;山西马身猪与太原花猪的进化历史相近,大白猪与山西马身猪组合及大白猪与太原花猪的组合,可能产生较大的杂种优势。     

小麦条锈菌生理小种国际鉴别寄主Spaldings Prolific中抗条锈病基因YrSpP的微卫星标记

 Spaldings Prolific是国际小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主和国内外重要抗源。以含有小麦抗条锈病基因YrSpP的近等基因系Taichung29*6/YrSpP及其轮回亲本Taichung29为材料， 用目的基因所在2B染色体上88对微卫星引物对其基因组DNA进行PCR扩增和电泳分析，发现用WMC441引物在近等基因系与轮回亲本间稳定扩增出特异性DNA片段。经F2代群体162个抗、感单株检测证实，该片段位点与抗条锈病基因YrSpP连锁，遗传距离为10.9 cM，确定WMC441为抗条锈病基因YrSpP的标记，并可用于该基因的检测和辅助选择。     

Maintaining Genetic Resources of Peach Palm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactris gasipaes</Emphasis> Kunth): The Role of Seed Migration and Swidden-fallow Management in Northeastern Peru

Knowledge of the effects of farmer practices on population genetic parameters of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is relevant to the improvement and conservation of the palm’s genetic resources. Microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure of peach palm in swidden-fallow agroforestry systems in northeastern Peru. The study covered eight communities, comprising two study areas 160 km apart – one occupied by indigenous Amerindians and the other by mixed race campesinos. Simultaneous analysis of an ex situ peach palm germplasm collection provided a means to compare population genetic parameters. Farmers who were surveyed on seed selection practices for peach palm reported that an average of only four palms (4.3 for campesino and 1.5 for indigenous populations) were used to provide seed for the establishment of the forest gardens sampled. As expected, inbreeding coefficients observed within communities were relatively high (f = 0.105 − 0.210), however, observed heterozygosities within communities were also high (0.625–0.741). A metapopulation approach was used to describe migration within and among regions, implying a hierarchical structure of gene flow which maintains relatively high levels of genetic diversity. Seed migration was found to occur over longer distances (≤600 km) and at a higher frequency (46% of palms sampled) in the indigenous study area, and a proportionally greater number of alleles was found (49 vs. 43 over three loci) with twice as many private alleles occurring only in the indigenous populations. The farmers’ practice of preserving remnant palms through successive swidden generations may have contributed to the maintenance of alleles by reducing the severity of founder effects. Although the campesino study area exhibited a significant (20% of the variation; p < 0.01) isolation-by-distance relationship across 35 km distance, in general, both study populations had relatively limited genetic structure (θ = 0.012–0.03), which is believed to have resulted from the exchange of seeds over long distances and periods of time.     

风情2号白叶枯病抗性基因定位

 风情2号与14个水稻粳型标记系及6个初级三体所配组合的F₂群体的遗传分析表明：风情2号对我国湖北省的白叶枯病菌江陵691的抗性是由一对显性抗病基因Xa-j控制的；Xa-j与所用的25个标记基因中的短穗基因sp连锁，重组值为23.2%，属于第Ⅷ 连锁群；三体分析推断出Xa-j与三体G(KTG)的额外染色体(即第9染色体)有关，与连锁分析的结果相印证。抗病基因Xa-j被定位于第9染色体上。     

绒山羊结构基因标记座位与经济性状关系的研究

通过对127只辽宁绒山羊血液蛋白质座位与经济性状的遗传关系分析，结果表明：PA-32-2型在产绒量和体重两方面的LSE都显著的大于其他基因型，而且PA-3座位的选择反应最大，可以作为多性状标记辅助选择时的标记基因型。其次TfAB型、ESDBB型可作为产绒量的标记基因型，LAPAB型可作为体重的标记基因型。     

Genetic characterisation of oak seedlings, epicormic, crown and micropropagated shoots from mature trees by RAPD and microsatellite PCR

DNA was isolated from seedlings of Quercus robur, collected from a single provenance, and from epicormic, crown shoots and in vitro shoots from a single tree of Q. petraea using a CTAB method of extraction. DNA was obtained in sufficient quantity and purity, from 13 out of 30 seedlings, and from all isolations from epicormic and in vitro shoots (2.5–10.0 μg/g fresh/ weight). Smearing was minimised at a primer concentration of 0.12 μM with Taq polymerase at 0.5 unit/reaction. Nine primers produced 142 bands, 28 of which were polymorphic. A similarity index showed that 11 seedlings were closely related with high coefficients (0.85–0.90), but each could be identified from another using only 9 primers (OPA-02 and -05, OPG-04 and -05, OPE-01, -02, -03, -08, -09). DNA was isolated from crown, epicormic and in vitro leaves originating from a single 150-yr old tree of Q. petraea and analysed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellites. With each primer, a characteristic RAPD pattern was obtained, and it was common to all six epicormic shoots derived from different parts of a single branch of this tree; also to the shoots from the crown of the same tree with OPE1 OPA-05, OPA-08, OPA-01, OPA-02, OPA-04, OPA-05, OPG-02, OPG-10, OPE-12. Similarly, the RAPD pattern obtained from shoot cultures in vitro, derived from individual nodes of epicormic shoots produced by six different branch segments, were uniform for each of 15 primers. This work was repeated using microsatellite PCR. Three microsatellite loci AG16, AG 1/2 and AG 1/5 were amplified by PCR. It showed a uniformity of these microsatellite loci in shoots from the crown of the tree, and from epicormic shoots cultures derived from six different sections of branch.     

An Example of Yak Paternity Assignment by Microsatellite Genotyping

12 cattle microsatellite DNA markers were used for establishing the paternity of 4 Datong Yak calves.The results indicated that paternity can be assigned by use of exclusion method directely when the mother is clearly known and data of all likely sires were obtained. The more the alleles of a locus possessed, the more effectively the paternity can be assigned. Not only the microsatellite DNA marker is a promising tool in establishment of yak detail pedigrees, but also can provide us information of reproductive efficiency of the bull(s) based on the numbers of calves it produced in the herd, which will be useful in speeding up the processes of yak genetics improvement.