Heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrification in two acid pasture soils

Laboratory incubation experiments, using ¹⁵N-labeling techniques and simple analytical models, were conducted to measure heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrification rates in two acid soils (pH 4.8-5.3; 1/5 in H₂O) with high organic carbon contents (6.2-6.8% in top 5 cm soil). The soils were from pastures located near Maindample and Ruffy in the Northeast Victoria, Australia. Gross rates of N mineralization, nitrification and immobilization were measured. The gross rates of autotrophic nitrification were 0.157 and 0.119 μg N g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and heterotrophic nitrification rates were 0.036 and 0.009 μg N g⁻¹ h⁻¹ for the Maindample and Ruffy soils, respectively. Heterotrophic nitrification accounted for 19% and 7% of the total nitrification in the Maindample and Ruffy soils, respectively. The heterotrophic nitrifiers used organic N compounds and no as the substrate for nitrification.     

N tracing models with a Monte Carlo optimization procedure provide new insights on gross N transformations in soils

¹⁵N tracing studies in combination with analyses via process-based models are the current “state-of-the-art” technique to quantify gross nitrogen (N) transformation rates in soils. A crucial component of this technique is the optimization algorithm which primarily decides how many model parameters can simultaneously be estimated. Recently, we published a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method which has the potential to simultaneously estimate large number of parameters in ¹⁵N tracing models [Müller et al., 2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726].Here, we present the results of a reanalysis of datasets by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34], Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] and Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] using the MCMC technique. Analytical solutions such as the ones derived by Kirkham and Bartholomew [1954. Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33-34] result in gross rates without uncertainties. We show that the analysis of the same data sets with the MCMC method provides standard deviations for gross N transformations. The standard deviations are further reduced if realistic data uncertainties are considered. Reanalyzing data by Myrold and Tiedje [1986. Simultaneous estimation of several nitrogen cycle rates using ¹⁵N: theory and application. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 559-568] (Capac soil) resulted in a model fit similar to the one of the original analysis but with more precise estimates of gross N transformations. In addition, our analysis showed that small N transformations such as heterotrophic nitrification, which was neglected in the original analysis, could be quantified for this soil. Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] provided evidence of a non-uniform exploitation of applied and native N that led to an overestimation of gross N transformations. Reanalyzing the data (CENIT soil, low N application) with the Müller et al. [2007. Estimation of parameters in complex ¹⁵N tracing models by Monte Carlo sampling. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 715-726] model where oxidation was set to Michaelis-Menten kinetics resulted in a satisfactory fit between modeled and observed data, indicating that the observed artifact by Watson et al. [2000. Overestimation of gross N transformation rates in grassland soils due to non-uniform exploitation of applied and native pools. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 2019-2030] was mainly due to inappropriate kinetic settings. Our study shows that the combination of a MCMC method with ¹⁵N tracing models is able to consider more complex and possibly more realistic models and kinetic settings to estimate gross N transformation rates and thus overcomes restriction of previous ¹⁵N tracing techniques.     

抗旱新品种沧麦15丰产性、稳产性、适应性分析

为了全面了解小麦新品种沧麦15的生产特性,以2 a的区域生产试验产量结果为依据,通过产量、变异系数、高稳系数和回归系数分别对参试品种丰产性、稳定性和适应性进行比较、分析。结果表明：沧麦15表现为较好的丰产性、稳定性和适应性,通过抗性鉴定沧麦15表现为较好的抗旱性,是一个比较理想的高产冬小麦新品种。     

IL-15过表达对猪骨骼肌细胞成肌分化的影响

【目的】研究肌肉因子IL-15（interleukin 15）对猪骨骼肌成肌细胞增殖与凋亡的影响,为进一步研究IL-15在动物肌肉品质调控和骨骼肌疾病治疗提供依据。【方法】构建IL-15过表达慢病毒载体GV-492-IL-15,体外无菌分离培养猪骨骼肌卫星细胞,诱导分化,并通过免疫荧光染色进行成肌细胞验证。将成肌细胞转染IL-15过表达重组慢病毒载体,试验分别设置空白对照组（Control）、转染阴性对照病毒组（IL-15-）和转染GV-492-IL-15（IL-15+）慢病毒试验组（n=3）。培养72 h后,收集细胞和培养上清液。分别采用实时定量PCR（qRT-PCR）和Western Blot技术分析目的基因和蛋白的表达情况,采用ELISA试剂盒分析培养液中IL-15含量,采用CCK-8试剂盒分析成肌细胞活力,采用流式细胞术分析细胞周期和细胞凋亡,采用Western Blot技术检测与细胞凋亡密切相关的caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化。【结果】（1）经鉴定后的质粒转染293T细胞,细胞内可观察到明显的绿色荧光,经Western Blot检测,可以观察到20 kD附近处有特征条带;（2）分离培养的猪骨骼肌卫星细胞呈梭形或纺锤形,诱导后可分化为呈管状的成肌细胞。将分化后的成肌细胞,进行α-SMA单克隆抗体免疫荧光染色,视野中90%的细胞呈阳性反应,胞浆染成红色,表明细胞为骨骼肌成肌细胞。（3）转染GV-492-IL-15慢病毒后,与对照细胞组相比,成肌细胞内IL-15 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均极显著升高（P<0.001）,但培养液中IL-15蛋白水平变化不大（P>0.05）。CCK-8结果显示,过表达IL-15可增强细胞的增殖能力（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,转染GV-492-IL-15慢病毒的细胞早期凋亡率差异不显著（P>0.05）,但细胞晚期凋亡率显著下降（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,转染慢病毒组细胞中caspase-3蛋白有下降的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。此外,转染IL-15过表达慢病毒可使G1期细胞比例显著下降,S期和G2/M期细胞比例显著升高（P<0.05）。【结论】在正常生理条件下,IL-15是定位在细胞内并发挥作用的,IL-15过表达对猪骨骼肌成肌细胞早期凋亡没有显著影响,但可以抑制其晚期凋亡,并促进细胞增殖。这一研究将为IL-15正向调控猪骨骼肌肌肉品质和治疗相关肌肉疾病提供技术和理论依据。     

地膜覆盖与施肥对秸秆碳氮在土壤中固存的影响

【目的】作物秸秆不仅含有较高的有机碳,而且含有丰富的矿质营养元素。秸秆还田是东北黑土地区培肥土壤和农业可持续发展的重要技术措施。然而不同地膜覆盖（简称“覆膜”）及施肥方式下秸秆碳（C）和氮（N）在土壤中的固持特征还不是很明确。本研究通过定量分析秸秆碳对土壤有机碳（SOC）和秸秆氮对土壤全氮（TN）的贡献,探讨不同覆膜和施肥条件下秸秆碳和氮在土壤中固定的差异,以期为土壤肥力提升和东北黑土地保护提供依据。【方法】基于覆膜与施肥的长期定位试验,选择覆膜和不覆膜（裸地）栽培条件下不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N₄）和有机肥配施氮肥（M₂N₂）处理,在表层（0—20 cm）土壤添加¹³C¹⁵N双标记秸秆后在田间原位培养150 d,测定SOC含量及其δ¹³C值、TN含量及其δ¹⁵N值,分析SOC中秸秆来源C（¹³C-SOC）、TN中秸秆来源N（¹⁵N-TN）和土壤碳氮比随时间的动态变化特征。【结果】施肥、覆膜及其它们的交互作用显著影响（P<0.05）¹³C-SOC和¹⁵N-TN含量。整个培养期间,M₂N₂处理秸秆碳对SOC的贡献率（¹³C-SOC/SOC）和秸秆氮对TN贡献率（¹⁵N-TN/TN）平均分别为10.48%和3.18%;施肥（N₄和M₂N₂）处理¹³C-SOC/SOC和秸秆碳残留率在覆膜方式下平均分别为12.65%和37.14%,不覆膜方式下分别为12.08%和34.50%。同一栽培方式培养第150天,N₄处理¹³C-SOC/SOC和秸秆碳残留率平均分别为14.33%和39.40%,其他施肥处理平均分别为11.77%和33.21%;CK处理¹⁵N-TN/TN平均为4.56%,分别比N₄和M₂N₂处理高26.00%和44.53%。培养第150天,秸秆氮残留率在覆膜和不覆膜条件下CK处理最高,平均为10.03%;不覆膜N₄处理最低,为7.87%。无论覆膜与否,N₄处理¹³C-SOC与¹⁵N-TN比值为32—39,其他施肥处理均<30。【结论】秸秆碳氮在土壤中的固存对覆膜与施肥的响应敏感。单施氮肥有利于秸秆碳在土壤中的积累和有机碳的更新,不施肥处理秸秆氮对土壤氮库的固定起正反馈效应,而有机肥配施氮肥土壤碳氮的更新相对滞后。     

灵芝孢子粉和大豆异黄酮对文昌鸡生长性能、肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮对110~140日龄文昌鸡生长性能、肉品质与抗氧化能力的影响,试验选取540只110日龄文昌母鸡,随机分成3个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只,试验周期30天,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别在基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg灵芝孢子粉和300 mg/kg大豆异黄酮预混剂,试验期满后,测定试鸡生长性能,采集试鸡血浆、胸肌样品,测定血液与胸肌抗氧化指标、胸肌肉质性状、肉感官评定及货架期指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,1)大豆异黄酮组试鸡的生长末重与平均日增重均显著增加(P<0.05),料重比降低(P<0.05);2)灵芝孢子粉显著提高试鸡胸肌宰后24 h的pH(P<0.05)、降低剪切力(P<0.05);大豆异黄酮显著降低胸肌宰后45 min的a^*值(P<0.05),提高胸肌宰后24 h的L^*值和pH(P<0.05);3)灵芝孢子粉组试鸡的肉汤鲜味评分显著提高(P<0.05);4)灵芝孢子粉可显著降低文昌鸡胸肌宰后24 h的丙二醛(MDA)与宰后45 min的挥发性盐基氮含量(P<0.05);大豆异黄酮显著降低试鸡胸肌宰后45 min和24 h的MDA含量(P<0.05);5)饲粮添加灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮显著降低了文昌鸡血浆MDA含量(P<0.05),灵芝孢子粉还增加了血浆谷胱甘肽含量(P<0.05)。综上,500 mg/kg灵芝孢子粉和300 mg/kg大豆异黄酮预混剂均可提高文昌鸡的抗氧化能力,改善肌肉品质。二者比较,500 mg/kg灵芝孢子粉作用更优。     

川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传研究与杂交利用

通过对川南常羽乌骨鸡3种羽色系的纯繁、杂交以及与3个浅肤品种的杂交,初步揭示了川南常羽乌骨鸡肤色的遗传现象。结果表明,所用乌骨鸡的肤色主要受遗传控制,存在杂合类型,黑羽系和麻羽系的肤色遗传较为稳定。乌肤性状终生不变,且与趾色、肉骨及内膜色高度相关。乌肤公鸡与不同浅肤母鸡的杂交后代可表现出较高的不同的乌肤比例,表明适当引入浅肤血缘尚可保持乌骨鸡的乌色性状。     

Fecal carriage of multi-drug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamases producing E. coli in household pigeons,Bangladesh

Antibiotic resistance and ESBL constitute a risk to human and animal health. Birds residing close to humans could mirror the spectrum of human associated antibiotic resistance. Household pigeons were screened in Bangladesh to shed light on human associated, as well as, environmental antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli from pigeons (n = 150) were tested against 11 antibiotics. 89% E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more critically important human antibiotics like ampicillin, cefadroxil, mecillinam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tigecycline. No carbapenamase-producers were detected and the lower ESBL prevalence (5%) in pigeons. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had bla_CTX-M-15 genes. Pigeons shared some bacterial clones and had bird associated sequence types like E. coli ST1408. Fecal carriage of bacteria resistance of critically important human antibiotics, together with examples of shared genotypes among pigeons, indicate the human-birds and bird to bird transmissions are important in the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance.