Biochar Application Promotes Growth Parameters of Soybean and Reduces the Growth Difference

Biochar is derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, and when buried in soil, can act as a long-term soil carbon store. Evidence suggests that biochar can improve soil fertility and crop production in some circumstances. However, the potential for promoting crop growth in agroecosystems is poorly understood, with different reports of soil properties following biochar application. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the spatial variability of soybean growth parameters in different biochar application rates and the reasons for the results obtained. The study used field plots with five biochar application rates (0, 20,40, 80, and 160 t·ha^?1). There were 15 field plots in total and the trial was fully randomized with three replications. The biochar was mixed into the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) before the soybean was sown. Soybean growth parameters were determined during the flowering–podding phase. The results showed that biochar not only improved the growth parameters of soybean, but also reduced growth differences in the same treatment, and higher biochar application rates would result in a larger effect size in a certain range (0–103.4 t·ha^?1). The leaf area in the no biochar treatment showed moderate variation, whereas the growth parameters (height, stem diameter, and leaf area) showed weak variation in the other biochar treatments; and the growth parameters, when the soybean were subjected to the biochar treatments, had moderate spatial dependence. In addition, the introduction of geostatistical theory can provide a theoretical foundation for further studying biochar–soil–crop system and the spatial variability of soybean growth and their relevance.     

生物质炭对水稻土中脱氢酶活性和铁还原过程的影响

为探究添加生物质炭对淹水稻田体系脱氢酶活性及土水界面铁还原过程的影响,选择2种不同地区水稻土,采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养试验方法,分析添加不同粒径生物质炭后泥浆培养体系中脱氢酶活性、pH以及Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的变化。结果表明:生物质炭能够提高水稻土厌氧培养体系的脱氢酶活性,促进微生物铁还原进程。脱氢酶活性和铁还原能力随着生物质炭粒径的减小而增大。未添加生物质炭的处理中,2种水稻土脱氢酶活性最大分别为3.13,2.60μg/(ml·g·min),Fe(Ⅱ)累积量最高分别为8.07,7.44mg/g;通过添加生物质炭,2种水稻土培养体系脱氢酶活性最大分别达4.35,4.18μg/(ml·g·min)、Fe(Ⅱ)累积量最高分别为9.01,8.18mg/g。典范对应分析显示,水稻土初始pH与最大铁还原潜势及达到最大铁还原速率对应的时间呈极显著相关,表明生物质炭对铁还原过程的影响因土壤性质不同而存在差异;脱氢酶活性、Fe(Ⅱ)累积量之间呈现极显著的相关关系,两者在培养过程中相互促进。     

Effect of low‐temperature biochar derived from pig manure and poultry litter on mobile and organic matter‐bound forms of Cu,Cd, Pb and Zn in sandy soil

Numerous studies conducted so far have shown that biochar has a significant effect on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. Biochar can be used to alleviate the effects of soil contamination with organic and inorganic compounds, for instance, to reduce the mobility of heavy metals. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of pig manure and poultry litter, as well as biochars produced from these materials at a temperature of 300 °C on Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn contents in mobile and organic matter‐bound forms in soil. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions. The materials were introduced into sandy acid soil in doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% w/w. The application of pig manure‐derived biochar (BPM) and poultry litter‐derived biochar (BPL), depending on the amount added, reduced the mobility of copper from 28 to 69%, from 77 to 100% in the case of cadmium, from 94 to 99% in the case of lead, and from 15 to 97% in the case of zinc. The 2% amendment of pig manure (PM) and poultry litter (PL) caused an increase in the content of Cu extracted with NH₄NO₃ in comparison with the control treatment. A similar situation was observed in the case of zinc after the application of 0.5 and 1% amendments of pig manure (PM). Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn contents extracted with 0.025 mol C₁₀H₂₂N₄O₈ were higher than contents of these elements extracted with 1 m NH₄NO₃, mainly due to different extraction force of the extractants. The obtained results indicate that, compared with the content determined in soil from the control treatment, 1 and 2% amendments of both unconverted and thermally converted materials to the soil had a greater effect on contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in the organic matter‐bound fraction than the 0.5% amendment. The organic materials applied did not affect the content of cadmium in organic matter‐bound fraction.     

生物炭改土对植烟土壤理化性状动态变化的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了生物炭不同施用量对植烟土壤容重、pH值、有机质和速效养分含量及其在烤烟生长期内变化规律的影响。结果表明,每盆施用生物炭1~2 kg能显著降低土壤的容重,降幅在12%~20%,并且能提高土壤的pH值。土壤有机质含量与生物炭的施用量呈线性相关关系。施用生物炭能降低土壤碱解氮的含量,限制了土壤的氮素利用度;对土壤速效磷没有显著影响,能显著提高土壤速效钾的含量,并使土壤具备持续提供钾素的能力。     

施用生物炭后塿土土壤微生物及酶活性变化特征

以小麦-玉米轮作试验为研究对象,探究了施用不同量生物炭对塿土土壤生物活性动态变化的影响。生物炭用量设5个水平:B0(0 t·hm-2)、B20(20 t·hm-2)、B40(40 t·hm-2)、B60(60 t·hm-2)和B80(80 t·hm-2),氮磷钾肥均作基肥施用。结果表明:生物炭可显著提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和玉米收获后碱性磷酸酶活性,但对蔗糖酶和小麦季碱性磷酸酶活性影响不显著,且显著提高土壤酶指数;提高土壤微生物量碳氮含量,用量为80 t·hm-2时效果最显著,但降低土壤微生物量碳氮比;显著增加土壤三大类微生物类群的数量,增幅随其用量的增加而增加。动态变化显示,越冬期的土壤微生物量碳氮含量最低,但微生物量碳在拔节期出现高峰,而土壤微生物量氮在返青期出现高峰,与作物生育旺盛时期一致;显著减少微生物量碳和微生物量碳氮比的季节波动。施用生物炭可显著改善土壤微生物和酶活性,土壤酶指数为土壤酶活性的综合表征,可全面反映土壤酶活性对生物炭的响应特征,能够作为一种土壤质量评价方法。     

生物炭对Cd/Hg污染沙土上菠菜生长的影响

榆林能源矿产资源富集一地,使得重金属污染物进入农业环境,尤其Cd、Hg污染较为严重,受污染土壤极大地降低了农作物品质,并通过食物链影响人们的身体健康。因此,本试验以菠菜为供试作物,研究三种添加量生物炭对镉/汞污染沙土及菠菜生长发育的影响,结果表明：不同添加量生物炭对不同处理土壤及种植菠菜生长发育的影响不同,但均有改良作用。但5%生物炭对镉/汞复合污染下土壤上菠菜生长影响效果最明显。(1)不同添加量生物炭对不同处理土壤菠菜生长均有促进作用。5%生物炭可显著提高镉/汞污染沙土菠菜的生理生长指标,包括株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽及叶绿素含量、蒸腾速率、光合速率、胞间CO₂、气孔导度等。(2)不同添加量生物炭均可改善菠菜的品质,尤其对于镉/汞复合污染沙土,5%生物炭处理时菠菜可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量最大,较CK分别增加11.9%、34.4%、11.8%,草酸含量降低24.7%;而对于原始沙土、单Cd污染和单Hg污染沙土下种植菠菜,可以通过添加10%的生物炭进行改善品质。     

基于扫描图像RGB分析的生物质炭吸附特性研究

以花生壳和玉米秸秆为原料,利用自主研发的无轴螺旋连续热解装置在300、400、500℃的热解温度下反应10 min制备生物质炭,对生物质炭进行工业分析和热值测量,分析其组成成分和热值;开展了生物质炭亚甲基蓝吸附与碘吸附特性研究,结合扫描仪和取色软件获取生物质炭的RGB数据并进行灰度转化,探究生物质炭的吸附特性与RGB值、灰度的相关关系。结果表明:随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭中挥发分的含量降低,固定碳和灰分的含量升高,热值升高;较低热解温度的生物质炭的吸附效果优于较高温度热解的生物质炭;生物质炭的吸附值与R、G、B值均随着热解温度的升高而降低,两者之间存在强正相关关系,相关系数r为0.582~0.944;生物质炭的灰度与吸附值存在强正相关关系,相关系数r为0.685~0.977。     

小麦秸秆生物炭对高氯代苯的吸附过程与机制研究

以小麦秸秆为原料,分别在三种温度(400℃、500℃、600℃)下制备小麦秸秆生物炭,并标记为WSB400、WSB500、WSB600。分析了秸秆炭的元素组成,表征了其结构和表面特征,研究了秸秆炭对五氯苯和六氯苯的吸附动力学和吸附等温线。结果表明,升温热解使得小麦秸秆有机组分炭化、极性官能团消除,炭化程度增强;三种秸秆炭均可快速高效地吸附高氯代苯,且对六氯苯的吸附要快于五氯苯,假二级动力学方程能更好地拟合秸秆炭对氯苯的吸附动力学过程;不同秸秆炭对氯苯的饱和吸附量大小顺序为WSB400WSB500WSB600;对吸附等温线进行分析可得,随着秸秆炭制备温度的升高,其对氯苯的吸附等温曲线由线性变为非线性,吸附机理则由以分配作用为主过渡到分配作用与表面吸附共同作用。     

生物炭添加对滨海盐土柳枝稷生长的影响

为探究生物炭在滨海盐土改良中的作用以及对植物生长的影响,通过田间试验,采用穴施方式添加450℃热解玉米秸秆炭(1%、2%),分析了滨海盐土理化性质和柳枝稷生长特性的响应。结果表明:生物炭添加后第一个生长季,土壤容重降低3.9%以上,田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、有机碳含量分别提高7.4%、4.0%、68.3%以上,柳枝稷成活率提高18.4%以上,地上和地下干重分别增加198.4%、91.4%以上,地上部和地下部的生长明显改善,柳枝稷可以选择性地吸收K+。因此,采用穴施方式添加生物炭,可以改善滨海盐土的部分理化性质,进而促进柳枝稷的生长,提升其耐盐能力。     

不同生物质炭施用量及类型对汉中烤烟生长发育及产量·产值的影响

[目的]为了研究不同生物质炭施用量及类型对汉中烤烟生长发育及产量、产值的影响。[方法]于2013年5月~9月,在陕西省汉中市南郑县小南海镇布置田间小区试验,对不同生物质炭施用量及类型下的各个生育时期烟叶农艺性状、产量和产值进行比较分析。[结果]施用生物质炭可明显增加烟叶生育中前期株高、茎围和叶片大小,增加烟叶产量、产值和中上等烟叶比例。随着生物质炭施用量的增加,烟叶各生育时期农艺性状均显著改善,产量、产值和中上等烟叶比例明显增加,且在施用量为900 kg/hm2时达到最高。稻壳炭和麦秆炭对改善烟叶农艺性状明显优于花生壳炭,稻壳炭更有利于旺长期叶片及现蕾期茎秆的发育,而麦秆炭有利于提高旺长期株高和有效叶数以及现蕾期叶片的发育,且施用稻壳炭提高烟叶产量、产值的效果最好。[结论]施用生物质炭是汉中烟区改良植烟土壤、促进烟叶生长发育的有效措施,生物质炭施用量宜控制在穴施600~900 kg/hm2左右,可优先选择稻壳炭作为土壤改良的材料。