不同温度玉米秸秆生物炭对萘的吸附动力学特征与机理

通过批平衡实验,研究不同剂量热解温度(300、400、500、600℃,记作C300、C400、C500、C600)玉米秸秆生物炭对萘的吸附动力学特征与机理。同一热解温度下生物炭投加剂量为10 mg时对萘的平衡吸附量大于50 mg。热解温度对生物炭吸附萘的影响也不同,投加剂量为10 mg时,萘的平衡吸附量为C400C300C600C500;剂量为50 mg时,C300、C400和C600的平衡吸附量相近,而C500的平衡吸附量最低。生物炭对萘的吸附动力学数据随时间的变化可以用假二级动力学方程很好地拟合,表明生物炭对萘的吸附是复杂的,并不是单一的单层吸附。用颗粒内扩散模型和Boyd模型分析,发现液膜扩散以及颗粒内扩散均影响吸附过程,且液膜扩散为限速因素。     

不同热解温度制备的水稻秸秆生物炭理化特性分析

以不同热解温度(100～800℃)制备的水稻秸秆生物炭为研究对象,研究在不同热解温度下制成的生物炭的理化特性。结果表明,热解温度为100～300℃制成的水稻秸秆生物炭呈弱酸性,400℃以上时呈碱性;水稻秸秆生物炭表面碱性含氧官能团数量随着热解温度的升高而增加、酸性含氧官能团则减少;水稻秸秆生物炭中的官能团C=C、C-O-C、-OH和-C=O在较高的热解温度下发生缔合或消除,促进了芳香基团的形成;随着热解温度的升高,水稻秸秆生物炭的阳离子交换量(CEC)、比表面积、孔径、比孔容、氮气吸附量和颗粒表面的分型维数(D1)均先增加后降低,阳离子交换量(CEC)在300～500℃时、其它性状在400～600℃之间达到最大值;以不同热解温度制成的水稻秸秆生物炭颗粒的孔隙结构均以孔隙宽度2～50 nm的中孔为主。随热解温度的升高,水稻秸秆生物炭的产率逐渐降低;400～500℃炭化2 h,生物炭产率最高,其孔隙结构最为复杂,所以可以认为400～500℃是水稻秸秆炭化的最佳温度。     

热解温度对花生壳生物质炭吸附去除水中4-硝基酚的影响

为提升农业废弃物的资源化再利用价值,以花生壳为原料,在不同热解温度(400、500、600℃)下限氧制备花生壳生物质炭(BC400、BC500、BC600),考察其对水中4-硝基酚的吸附效果。生物质炭表面灰分通过酸洗法去除,采用批量吸附试验的方法分析生物质炭对PNP吸附特性的影响,并结合元素分析、扫描电镜及红外光谱图方法,探讨热解温度对生物质炭吸附水中PNP特性的影响。结果表明,生物质炭总产量随温度升高而降低,其含碳量随温度升高逐渐增加;生物质炭中含氧官能团随温度的升高而减少,芳香性增强,有利于对有机物的吸附。吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,线性拟合很好,R2在0.954～0.991之间;对比伪二级动力学模型、Elovich模型、颗粒内扩散模型可知,吸附过程与伪二级吸附动力学模型拟合效果最佳, R2在0.981～0.999之间,平衡吸附量随热解温度升高而增大,BC600BC500BC400,BC600的吸附容量为34.48 mg/g,是BC400的2.25倍。以NaOH为解吸剂,当NaOH质量浓度为1.0 mg/L时对4-硝基酚的解吸效率最高,为68.21%,可见生物质炭的再生利用具有一定的可行性。因此,高温制备的花生壳生物质炭可作为去除4-硝基酚的良好功能材料。     

柠条生物炭对土壤中敌草隆的吸附性能

以柠条为原料,分别在200、300、400℃和600℃进行炭化处理制备柠条生物炭,分析柠条粉末和生物炭的组分,用扫描电镜观察柠条生物炭的形貌,比表面积分析仪绘制柠条生物炭的吸附等温线,研究柠条生物炭的孔容、孔径以及比表面积等结构参数。使用土柱实验装置将柠条生物炭与土壤混合,通过淋溶试验检测柠条生物炭对土壤中的除草剂敌草隆的吸附效能。结果表明,柠条炭化的吸附等温线属于典型的Ⅰ型吸附线,随着炭化温度的升高,柠条生物炭的炭得率不断降低,在600℃进行炭化处理可以得到44.71%的柠条生物炭,其比表面积可达到187.56 m2·g~(-1),平均孔径4.83 nm,微孔体积占总孔体积的52%。土壤中添加1%的柠条生物炭就可以对土壤中的敌草隆产生显著吸附效果,添加3%的柠条生物炭可以获得最佳的经济效益。     

小麦秸秆生物质炭的结构特征及其对Cr(VI)的吸附性能研究

以小麦秸秆为原料,在300℃和500℃下制备生物质炭（WS300和WS500）,对其性质进行表征,并研究其对Cr （VI）的吸附特性。结果表明随制备温度升高,生物质炭的C含量升高,缩合度增强,极性和亲水性减弱。WS500有更大的比表面积和孔容。Cr （VI）主要以HCrO₄^-和Cr₂O₇^2-的形态吸附在生物质炭表面。WS500有更为丰富的羟基、羧基、酯基等官能团,可与Cr （VI）发生络合、氧化还原等作用。Cr （VI）的吸附等温线更适合用Langmuir模型拟合,说明吸附主要是单分子层吸附。Cr （VI）在WS500上的吸附容量高于WS300。     

热解温度对玉米秸秆炭产率及理化特性的影响

【目的】通过对不同热解温度条件下玉米秸秆炭理化特性的分析,探索玉米秸秆炭具有较高利用价值的炭化温度。【方法】以玉米秸秆为原料,采用低氧升温炭化法,在不同热解温度下 (100℃、200℃、300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃) 分别炭化2 h,制备生物炭,收集并测定了固体产物生物炭产率及特性。【结果】生物炭的产率随热解温度的升高逐渐降低。生物炭全碳含量和碳氮比随热解温度升高而升高,全氮含量在400℃以后随热解温度升高而降低。阳离子交换量 (CEC) 在400℃～600℃达到较高水平,为70.87～83.48 cmol/kg。随热解温度升高,玉米秸秆炭表面碱性含氧官能团增加、酸性含氧官能团减少,pH随着热解温度的升高逐渐增加,当温度达到400℃及400℃以上时呈碱性甚至强碱性。红外光谱分析表明,热解温度达到500℃时,纤维素和半纤维素已经完全分解;高温热解使玉米秸秆中–CH₃、–CH₂、–OH、–C=O间发生缔合或消除,促进芳香基团的形成。随着热解温度的升高,玉米秸秆炭的比表面积和比孔容均是先变大后变小,孔径先变小后变大,在400℃～600℃条件下,玉米秸秆炭的孔隙相对较为丰富,不同热解温度下玉米秸秆炭的比表面积和比孔容呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。【结论】综合各项指标,玉米秸秆的最佳热解温度为400℃～500℃,此温度下制备的生物炭产出率相对较高,氮、碳养分损失少,生物炭的理化性能和养分利用均达到最优。     

秸秆生物炭对棕壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附效应及影响因素

以棉花、花生秸秆为原料,采用限氧热裂解法分别于350℃、500℃、650℃下制备生物炭,通过等温吸附和吸附动力学实验,研究两种秸秆生物炭对棕壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附特性和修复效应。结果表明:随裂解温度上升,秸秆生物炭的碳化程度和BET比表面积增加,而含氧官能团、H/C和O/C的比值则减少,且花生秸秆生物炭的芳香化程度、碳化程度和比表面积均高于棉花秸秆生物炭;不同温度梯度制备的生物炭在吸附效果及机制方面存在差异,秸秆生物炭对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附效果与Lagergren动力学方程的二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温方程可以较好拟合;随着pH的升高,吸附量均增加,吸附量在6.5时达到最大,且花生生物炭的吸附量大于棉花生物炭;SEM电镜扫描图展示了花生秸秆生物炭的表面特征和孔隙结构比棉花明显;FTIR谱图分析表明秸秆生物炭含氧官能团含量随裂解温度的升高而减少。综上,花生秸秆生物炭对山东棕壤重金属污染的修复效果更优。     

不同炭化温度下玉米秸秆和沙蒿生物炭的结构特征及化学特性

掌握不同生物炭材料的结构特征和化学特性是合理利用生物炭的基础。通过无氧炭化法制备了不同炭化温度下的玉米秸秆生物炭和沙蒿生物炭,对比了不同材料和不同炭化温度下生物炭性质的差异。结果表明:炭化温度低于400℃时,两种材料生物炭的孔隙结构保存完整,600℃以上时,两种材料生物炭的蜂窝状结构均遭到破坏,玉米秸秆生物炭被破坏得更严重;同一炭化温度下,玉米秸秆生物炭的比表面积及总孔容和平均孔径均大于沙蒿生物炭,两种生物炭的比表面积随炭化温度的升高均增大,总孔容呈"V"形变化;两种材料的生物炭均呈碱性,炭化温度越高,pH越大,400℃~800℃,每升高10℃,玉米秸秆生物炭和沙蒿生物炭的pH均以0.02的幅度增加,同一温度下,玉米秸秆生物炭的pH大于沙蒿生物炭,在400℃、600℃和800℃下分别比沙蒿生物炭高0.31、0.35和0.29单位;随炭化温度的升高,玉米秸秆生物炭和沙蒿生物炭的C、P、K和灰分含量增加,400℃~800℃,玉米秸秆生物炭的C、P、K含量以炭化温度每升高10℃分别增加2.94、0.11、0.20 g/kg的幅度变化,沙蒿生物炭也以4.35、0.07、0.24 g/kg的幅度增加,与此同时,玉米秸秆生物炭的N、H含量以每升高10℃分别以0.13 g/kg和0.86 g/kg的幅度降低,沙蒿生物炭的N、H含量分别以0.04 g/kg和0.82 g/kg的幅度下降,S含量无明显变化,C/N和C/H增大,且不同材料生物炭的元素含量差异显著;两种材料生物炭的N、P、K有效性随炭化温度的升高均下降,400℃~600℃,玉米秸秆生物炭和沙蒿生物炭的速效N含量分别下降了57.89%和19.05%,800℃时两种生物炭的速效N均接近0 mg/kg,400℃~800℃玉米秸秆生物炭和沙蒿生物炭的速效P含量分别降低了67.41%和52.36%,此时速效K含量也分别降低了45.62%和90.16%。总之,不同材料和炭化温度对生物炭的物理特征和化学特性都有较大影响。     

不同热解温度制备的烟秆生物炭理化特征分析

分别对100 ~ 800 ℃下于马弗炉中低氧炭化制备的烟秆生物炭进行研究,分析其基础理化性质的变化。结果表明,烟草秸秆生物炭微量元素含量在热解温度为100 ~ 400 ℃时呈逐渐上升的趋势,在400 ~ 500 ℃时较为稳定;大量元素含量增加;C含量和N元素含量在100 ~ 300 ℃时逐渐增加,在400 ~ 800 ℃时先增加后下降,C/N在300 ~ 500 ℃时较为稳定。随着热解温度的升高,烟草秸秆生物炭表面水分子、甲基和亚甲基等官能团减少,C＝C含量逐渐增多;烟草秸秆生物炭的BET比表面积、孔径、比孔容均在400 ~ 500 ℃时较大。烟草秸秆生物炭的中孔较多,孔隙内部特征多为墨水瓶状孔。热解温度为400 ~ 500 ℃时,烟杆生物炭大量和微量元素含量相对较高,C/N较为稳定,孔隙结构最为复杂。     

制备方法对生物质炭外源磷吸附解吸的影响

探讨了制备温度、洗涤处理及颗粒粒径大小对芦苇秸秆生物质炭的外源磷吸附和解吸性能的影响。结果表明:600℃和350℃制备的生物质炭对磷的等温吸附曲线分别与Langmir和Fredulich方程有更高的拟合度,600℃制备的生物质炭对磷最大吸附量(1040.3～2194.6 mg kg-1)显著高于350℃制备的生物质炭(424.4～945.4 mg kg-1),但磷的解吸率(0.41～4.95%)显著低于350℃制备的生物质炭(6.66～13.89%);洗涤处理降低了生物质炭吸附磷的性能,且600℃制备的生物质炭降低幅度更大,但均提高生物质炭磷的平均解吸率;随着颗粒粒径减小,生物质炭吸附磷的性能有增强趋势。研究发现制备温度为600℃、未洗涤处理且颗粒粒径大于60目的生物质炭对磷吸附性能最好。     

Predicting mobility of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids in soils

Background, aim, and scope  Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new class of alternative solvents that make ideal non-volatile media for a variety of industrial processes such as organic synthesis and biocatalysis, as alternative electrolytes, as phases and phase modifications in separation techniques, and as alternative lubricants. Once the large-scale implementation of ILs begins, the industrial application will follow. In view of their great stability, they could slip through classical treatment systems to become persistent components of the environment, where the long-term consequences of their presence are still unknown. Sorption on soils has a critical effect on the transport, reactivity, and bioavailability of organic compounds in the environment. So far, the IL sorption mechanism was investigated solely on the basis of batch experiments, which precluded any assessment of the dynamics of the process. An understanding of the mobility of ILs in soil columns is crucial for an accurate prediction of their fate in the soil. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate in detail the mobility of selected imidazolium ILs on three soil types. Moreover, it was decided to study these processes in soils from the coastal region (Gdańsk, Poland), which usually constitute a very important geochemical compartment, participating in the transport of contaminants on their way to the sea. Materials and methods  The mobility of alkylimidazolium ILs was investigated in columns containing soils from the coastal area. In addition, the sorption processes in all the soil systems studied were described isothermally and the equilibrium sorption coefficient was evaluated. The sorption capacities were determined according to OECD guidelines. Sorption dynamics was studied with use of polypropylene columns (diameter—10 mm, height—100 mm) packed with 10 g of soil. The ionic liquid solution was then injected into the soil column and left for 24 h to equilibrate. After this, a solution of 0.01 mM CaCl₂ was pumped through the column at a rate of 0.3 ml min^–1. Effluents were collected from the bottom of the column and analyzed by HPLC. Results  Sorption was strongest on the Miocene silt and the alluvial agricultural soil and weakest on the podsolic soil and Warthanian glacial till. The K _d value of long-chain ILs was far higher than that of the short-chain ones. Among the substances tested, hydroxylated ILs were usually more weakly sorbed. Desorption of ILs is inversely correlated with sorption intensity. The experimental results of the column tests correlate well with those from batch experiments. In the cases of weakly binding soils, ILs were detected almost immediately in the eluent. The elution profiles of long-chain ILs indicate that these compounds are very strongly sorbed onto most soils, although certain amounts were transported through the soil. ILs exhibit a certain mobility in soils: in particular, salts with short and/or hydroxylated side chains are extremely mobile. Discussion  The results indicate a stronger binding of ILs in the first sorption layer; once the first layer is saturated, there are no more active sites on the soil surface (no free charged groups); hence, there are no more strong electrostatic binding sites, and dispersive interaction becomes the dominant interaction potential. The influence of the structure of the ILs, especially the side-chain length was also confirmed: The K _d value of long-chain ILs was far higher than that of the short-chain ones. The long alkyl side chain facilitates dispersive interactions with soil organic matter and intermolecular binding, and the build-up of a second layer becomes possible. Among the substances tested, hydroxylated ILs were usually more weakly sorbed. The hydroxyl group in the side chain can alter the polarity of the compound so strongly that interaction with organic matter hardly occurs; these salts then remain in the aqueous phase. The experimental results from the column tests correlate well with those from batch tests. In the weakly binding soils (with low organic matter), the only binding to the soil surface must be via electrostatic interactions, although intermolecular van der Waals (ionic liquid–ionic liquid) interactions could also be taking place. The elution profile maxima for organic rich soils are far smaller than for the other soils. In the former, hydrogen bonding, dispersive and π…π interactions play a more important part than electrostatic interactions. The rapidly “disappearing” maxima of the elution peaks may indicate that, after elution of ILs from the second layer, it is difficult to extract further sorbed ILs. In the first layer, the ILs are bound by much stronger electrostatic interactions. To break these bonds, a greater energy is required than that sufficient to extract ILs from double sorption layers. Results indicate, moreover, that hydrophobic ILs will be sorbed in the first few centimeters of the soil; migration into the soil will therefore be almost negligible. Conclusions  Sorption of ILs was the strongest in soils with the highest cation exchange capacities and a high organic content. ILs were also more strongly bound to the first sorption layer. The sorption coefficients of long-chain ILs were far higher than those of short-chain ones; usually, hydroxylated derivatives were the least strongly sorbed. Results of soil column experiments to investigate the mobility of ILs in soils correlated well with those from batch tests, and the elution profiles were also well correlated with organic matter content. The observed rapidly disappearing elution peak maxima probably indicate that, after elution of the ILs from the second layer, it is difficult to extract further sorbed compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Obtained results gave an interesting insight into mobility of ionic liquids in soil columns. However, several questions are now opened. It is therefore necessary to undertake further studies focused on total cycle of ionic liquids in the soil environment. This should include their evapotrasporation (lysimeter test), bioaccumulation by plants as well as degradation and transformation processes (chemical, biological, and physical) typically occurring in soils. Moreover, a further risk assessment of ILs is desirable since this study has indicated that these compounds, especially those with low lipophilicities, are generally mobile in the soil matrix. It is already known that short-chain ILs are characterized by low toxicities; should they enter the environment, they will probably migrate within the soil and pose a risk of contamination of surface and ground waters. This topic is relevant to the audience. Environmental threat of short-chain ionic liquids is currently unknown. From the predictive point of view, judging on known low acute toxic effects or high polarities of these compounds seems to be not enough to confirm their “environmental friendliness”. If we are to fully understand the potential environmental effects, one should also have an insight into long-term biological consequences of these ionic liquids, including chronic toxicity tests, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation rates as well as stability against natural elimination mechanisms.     

Sorption of methyl-parathion and carbaryl by an organo-bentonite

The modification of bentonite clays by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) surfactant via cation-exchange produces materials (“organo-clays”) with an increased capacity for sorbing organic compounds such as pesticides. The sorption from solutions of two nonionic pesticides, methyl-parathion and carbaryl, by an organo-bentonite has been investigated. The pesticides are partitioned into the surfactant. The distribution coefficients, K _ss, show a strong dependence on surfactant loading of the bentonite. The surfactant configuration at the clay surface has a marked influence on the effective volume and density of the bound surfactant. At low surfactant loadings, the K _ss values increased, reached a maximum, and then decreased as the extent of loading increased. At low loading levels, the surfactant appears to form a monolayer (organic film) that effectively adsorbs the pesticides, resulting in very high K _ss values. At high loadings, the sorbed surfactant appears to form a bulk-like medium that behaves essentially as a distribution phase. As a result, the K _ss values decreased appreciably, and became less dependent on the CTMAB loading. Moreover, when the surfactant concentration in water was greater than the critical micelle concentration, the surfactant uptake on the clay reaches a plateau and an increasing fraction of the micelles remain in solution, together with the pesticides which bound to them. The competition for the pesticides between the aqueous micelles and the sorbed surfactant leads to a decrease in distribution coefficients.     

铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进展

对铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进行了综述,土壤中铬的吸附解吸机理包括非专性吸附(离子交换吸附)、专性吸附以及物理表面吸附,分别对pH、氧化还原电位、土壤组分(土壤矿物和有机质)、竞争离子以及离子强度等因素对铬吸附解吸的影响作了论述。文章进一步描述了土壤中铬吸附解吸的数学模型Freundlich方程、Langmuir方程、一级动力学模型、金属-腐殖酸模型(one-sitemodel)和表面络合模型-扩散层模型(DLM)等的研究情况,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

土壤吸附铜离子的研究进展

对土壤吸附Cu的研究进行了综述。主要讨论了吸附速率,吸附等温线,表面络合模式和影响吸附量的因子等方面的问题。目前对土壤吸附Cu的速率研究主要有两种方法:一是根据实验数据绘制吸附量随时间变化的曲线,根据所绘制的曲线斜率来研究吸附动力学过程;二是选择经验性的化学动力学方程对数据进行拟和,依据较高的相关系数和较低的标准误差选择最优方程,根据吸附速率系数来进行定量的研究。土壤对Cu吸附的定量描述,经验性的吸附等温式仍不失为一个十分有用的方法;考虑到土壤性质和环境因子对吸附的影响,模型中应该加入这些参数使其更能反映土壤对重金属的吸附过程,但这方面的研究相对较少。土壤表面电荷特征、低分子有机酸对土壤吸附Cu的影响和吸附过程中Cu形态的变化等方面研究也较少。     

汞在泥炭上的吸附特征研究

采用批次法研究了汞在三江平原泥炭、吉林双阳泥炭上等温吸附特征及介质pH值、背景离子浓度的影响。实验结果表明:两种泥炭吸附等温线均同时符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,而与Langmuir方程的拟合效果更好; 在溶液汞浓度相同时,温度升高,泥炭对汞的吸附量降低;在相同的条件下,三江平原泥炭对汞的吸附量大于吉林双阳泥炭对汞的吸附量;两种泥炭对汞的吸附量受pH值的影响明显且都在pH 6.0左右具有最大的吸附量;在酸性条件下,吸附介质的pH值升高利于泥炭对汞的吸附;介质的离子浓度升高,可以使两种泥炭对汞的吸附量迅速降低。     

Boron sorption isotherm: A method to estimate boron fertilizer requirement

Abstract

The boron sorption isotherm method of soil testing may provide an estimate of the fertilizer required to bring the soil to an optimum boron level. Data from the boron isotherm experiment suggests that at low concentrations a plot of added boron vs equilibrium solution boron will be linear. The boron concentration at which this plot becomes linear will depend on the characteristics of the soil tested. The data, from this and other studies, suggest that 0.5 ppm boron in the equilibrium solution should be the approximate upper limit of boron concentration where this relationship is linear. Since boron added is linear with respect to boron in equilibrium solution, boron fertilizer required to adjust the equilibrium solution concentration can be calculated from the least squares regression equation of these two variables. This fertilizer requirement can only be determined when the optimum level of boron in equilibrium solution is known. Thus, further study is needed to establish this optimum level for all plant species.     

湖泊沉积物中水溶性有机质对吸附磷的影响

以分别属于不同营养水平的五里湖和东太湖沉积物为研究对象,通过吸附试验,研究了水溶性有机质(DOM)对沉积物吸附磷酸盐等温线和动力学曲线的影响。结果表明:(1)DOM没有改变沉积物吸附磷动力学曲线的基本趋势,在前10 h内,沉积物对磷的吸附具有较大速度,20 h后基本达到吸附平衡;DOM提高了沉积物吸附磷的速度,特别是提高了0-0.5 h内的吸附速度,其中东太湖沉积物由82.34 mg kg-1h-1增加到97.18 mg kg-1 h-1,五里湖沉积物由12.21 mg kg-1h-1增加到59.17 mg kg-1h-1;(2)DOM明显改变了沉积物吸附磷等温线,对沉积物吸附磷具有促进作用,提高了沉积物吸附磷的效率,其中东太湖沉积物,DOM使其对磷的吸附效率由123.3 L kg-1增加到164.8 L kg-1,五里湖沉积物,DOM使其对磷的吸附效率由94.56 L kg-1增加到206.3 L kg-1;(3)DOM对有机质含量较高、严重污染的五里湖沉积物吸附磷的影响大于对有机质含量较低、中营养水平的东太湖沉积物的影响。     

Sorption and fate of perchlorate in arid soils

The mobility of perchlorate in soils depends on several factors, including soil mineralogy and the presence of other oxyanions that compete with perchlorate for the retention sites. Currently, there are no studies that evaluate the mobility of perchlorate in arid soils. The present study evaluated the mobility of ClO₄^– in three arid soils, Canchones, Humberstone and Pica, exposed to two ClO₄^– concentration ranges and different ionic strengths. In Humberstone (non-agricultural) and Pica (agricultural) soils, the sorption processes were not important for both concentration ranges, while Canchones soil (agricultural) showed a decrease in perchlorate concentration associated with microbial degradation processes. The increase of medium ionic strength by addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ only had an important effect on Humberstone soil, associated with the presence of kaolinite and muscovite (variable charge). A competition effect was observed between perchlorate, nitrate and other anions presents in solution by absorption sites generated from variable charge mineral and calcium. Considering the quite low sorption capacity of the soils and the high solubility, perchlorate can be absorbed by fruit and vegetables of export in concentrations over the healthy levels established by international organization.     

氟喹诺酮类抗生素在农业紫色土中的吸附研究

抗生素被广泛作为抗菌药物和添加剂使用在畜牧业中,造成大量抗生素随着动物粪便进入到土壤环境。吸附行为是抗生素在土壤中迁移转化的重要过程,对抗生素的风险评估及污染控制具有重要的意义。本文采用吸附试验研究了两种氟喹诺酮类抗生素(诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL))在重庆广泛分布的紫色土中的吸附特性以及影响因素。结果表明:NOR和OFL在紫色土上的吸附过程较快,5 h就能达到吸附平衡,吸附常数Kd能达到3 082 L/kg。Freundlich吸附等温模型能很好拟合紫色土对NOR和OFL的等温吸附过程。由吸附过程的吉布斯自由能ΔG和吸附能E可知,紫色土吸附NOR和OFL主要是通过物理吸附。溶液pH6会降低紫色土对NOR和OFL的吸附。当溶液离子强度从0.005 mol/L增加至0.05 mol/L时,NOR和OFL在紫色土上的吸附量分别降低了10.2%和11.7%。土壤有机质对NOR和OFL的吸附过程影响很小。