不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

发酵脱氢产氢过程对微生物铁还原的影响

发酵型微生物是铁还原菌中的主要类群,但其发酵产氢过程对铁还原的作用尚不清楚,为此采用接种水稻土浸提液混合培养的方法对微生物分别利用葡萄糖、丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐为碳源时,Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程中脱氢酶活性变化、培养体系pH、氢气分压及铁还原特征进行分析,探讨了发酵微生物脱氢产氢过程与微生物Fe（Ⅲ）还原的内在关系。结果表明：2种水稻土浸提液中的微生物均能够以葡萄糖为优势碳源进行脱氢、产氢及还原氧化铁,Fe（OH）,可以诱导脱氢酶的产生,利用葡萄糖时脱氢酶活性在厌氧培养的4-6d出现最大峰值,利用丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐时脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间分别为培养的15d和21-22d,脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间与最大铁还原速率Vmax显著负相关、与最大反应速率对应的时间zk存在显著正相关关系。脱氢产氢过程中产生的H＋导致培养体系pH的变化是影响铁还原过程的主要原因,培养体系pH与体系氢气分压及Fe（Ⅱ）累积量呈极显著负相关。微生物利用不同碳源产氢时,利用葡萄糖的产氢能力最高,丙酮酸盐次之,乳酸盐最低。Fe（OH）3的加入增加了氢气的消耗量,培养体系氢气分压与Fe（Ⅱ）累积量存在极显著正相关关系。     

生物炭对淹水土壤中溶解性有机质含量及组成特征的影响

为了探究生物炭对土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的影响,采用向水稻土中添加生物炭的厌氧泥浆培养试验,分析添加生物炭后对不同培养阶段的厌氧泥浆中水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量、DOM组成、荧光光谱特性及土壤中Fe(III)还原特征的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭可增加水稻土中DOC含量及影响紫外光谱特征值(SUVA₂₅₄),引起DOM组分种类和相对含量变化,不同类型土壤间的变化存在差异,酸性水稻土中的作用更为明显。水稻土中Fe(III)的还原效率在添加生物炭下得到促进,同时对土壤的初始pH也产生一定影响。相关分析结果揭示添加生物炭可通过调节SUVA₂₅₄、DOM组成和体系pH,从而影响厌氧水稻土中的硝酸盐还原、铁还原及产甲烷过程。     

生物炭对水稻土Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程中碳源利用效率的影响

研究以采自吉林和江西的水稻土为供试土壤,采用恒温泥浆厌氧培养方法,探讨添加生物炭和不同有机碳源(葡萄糖、乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠和乳酸钠)条件下土壤泥浆中Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和pH值的变化,采用Logistic模型对Fe(Ⅲ)的还原特征进行了拟合分析。结果表明,添加生物炭可以促进2种水稻土中的Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力。添加生物炭条件下,不同外源有机碳对水稻土中Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征的影响存在差异,在吉林水稻土中,对Fe(Ⅲ)还原的调控能力显著大于江西水稻土。2种水稻土均能较好地利用乳酸盐、丙酮酸盐和葡萄糖还原Fe(Ⅲ),而添加乙酸盐后的Fe(Ⅲ)还原则表现出一定的滞后性。添加乳酸盐处理最大Fe(Ⅲ)还原速率高于其他有机碳源,且达到最大Fe(Ⅲ)还原速率的时间最短,表明乳酸盐是2种水稻土中铁还原过程的优势碳源。添加发酵性的有机碳源可显著影响泥浆培养过程中的pH值,有机碳源对江西水稻土pH的影响明显大于吉林水稻土,表明吉林水稻土中有机碳源对发酵过程产生的氢的利用能力优于江西水稻土。     

控制光照条件下添加SO_4~（2-）对水稻土中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响

为探讨光照和硫酸盐对微生物Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响,在光照和光暗转换条件下,采用厌氧泥浆恒温培育方法分别在四川和天津2种石灰性水稻土中添加不同浓度硫酸盐溶液（20、50、800mmol·kg-1）,培养过程中定期测定土壤泥浆的Fe（Ⅱ）、叶绿素a含量和pH值。结果表明：光照条件下,添加20mmol·kg-1和50mmol·kg-1硫酸盐能减缓光照培养中因为蓝细菌光合作用放氧引起的Fe（Ⅱ）氧化反应,Fe（Ⅱ）氧化反应启动时间与对照处理相比延迟3～7d;蓝细菌在光照培养5d后开始迅速繁殖生长,叶绿素a增长速率表现为随硫酸盐浓度增大而增加,其最终含量在四川和天津水稻土中分别为20mg·kg-1和16mg·kg-1;800mmol·kg-1硫酸盐则完全抑制了Fe（Ⅱ）的重新氧化,且在整个培养周期中没有发现光合细菌存在。pH值变化呈现先微弱下降后升高的趋势,但始终维持在弱碱性范围内。当由光照转入避光培养后,Fe（Ⅱ）累积量又重新回升,增长速率表现为对照〉20mmol·kg-1S处理〉50mmol·kg-1S处理。表明光照并非直接影响铁还原微生物,而是通过光合微生物繁殖间接影响铁还原过程。     

淹水培养时间对水稻土中Fe（Ⅲ）异化还原能力的影响

为了模拟水稻土淹水过程,探讨不同淹水培养时间水稻土中铁还原微生物群落利用不同碳源的活性变化特征,以接种不同淹水时期的浙江水稻土浸提液作为微生物群落来源,以人工合成的Fe（OH）3为惟一的电子受体,不同碳源作为惟一电子供体,在30℃恒温条件下厌氧培养,定期测定Fe（Ⅱ）含量和pH值变化,采用Logistic模型进行动力学分析。研究结果表明,葡萄糖作为电子供体时,不同淹水时期的微生物群落总体上对Fe（OH）3还原反应有较快的响应;丙酮酸盐作为碳源时,铁还原反应启动的时间整体迟于葡萄糖,Fe（Ⅱ）累积量在反应30d才表现出显著累积并逐渐趋于稳定;淹水20d的微生物群落能最先利用乳酸盐还原Fe（Ⅲ）,反应15 d的Fe（Ⅱ）累积量达到601.60 mg.L^-1;淹水30 d的铁还原微生物群落对乙酸盐的利用能力增强,最大Fe（Ⅱ）累计量升高到538.47 mg.L^-1,Fe（Ⅲ）还原率达到75.81%。不同淹水时期利用各种碳源的体系pH表现为葡萄糖从中性下降至酸性,丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐中性偏酸,乙酸盐的pH略微偏碱,不同淹水时期出现的水稻土微生物群落结构不同是导致Fe（OH）3还原能力不同的主要原因。不同的碳源利用可以指示不同的铁还原微生物群落变化：淹水培养早期的铁还原微生物群落对葡萄糖和丙酮酸盐的利用较为迅速和显著,同一时期出现的微生物群落不能以乙酸盐作为电子供体;淹水培养后期的铁还原微生物群落以乳酸盐和乙酸盐为优势碳源来还原Fe（OH）3。     

石灰性水稻土中硝酸盐依赖型与光合型亚铁氧化过程

厌氧条件下土壤中铁氧化还原过程与土壤氮循环关系密切,且硝酸盐依赖型亚铁氧化(nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation,NDFO)和光合型亚铁氧化(photosynthetic ferrous oxidation,PFO)是亚铁氧化的两个重要的生物途径,然而目前关于石灰性水稻土中NDFO与PFO之间的关系仍不明晰。以采自黄河中下游地区河南省孟津县的水稻土为样品,设置培养前添加和培养过程中添加10 mmol·L^-1的硝酸根离子/铵离子(NO₃^-/NH₄⁺)的恒温厌氧泥浆培养试验,通过监测泥浆中Fe(Ⅱ)、O₂、NO₃^-和亚硝酸根离子(NO₂^-)的动态变化与培养后的NH₄⁺含量探究了NO₃^-在石灰性水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)氧化过程的作用及其与光合型亚铁氧化的关系。结果...     

光照对水稻土中氧化铁还原的影响

选择不同地区的水稻土样品,采用泥浆厌氧恒温培育方法,在避光和光照条件下,测定了培养过程中土壤泥浆的Fe(Ⅱ)浓度及叶绿素a含量的变化。结果表明:光合微生物的产氧作用是影响水稻土中铁还原的主要原因,而光照对铁还原微生物没有直接影响;光合微生物仅在某些水稻土中大量繁殖,其叶绿素a含量随着光照时间延长由逐渐增加到趋于稳定。通过微生物镜检和光谱分析发现,由天津和四川水稻土中分离的光合微生物主要是念珠蓝细菌(Nostocsp.)和鱼腥蓝细菌(Anabaenasp.),其吸收光谱曲线均具有664 nm的叶绿素a吸收峰,表明其具有利用光合系统Ⅱ进行产氧光合作用的特征。在厌氧培养过程中Fe(Ⅱ)浓度与土壤中叶绿素a含量变化有着明显的负相关关系。     

厌氧培养体系中V(V)与Fe(Ⅲ)还原之间的电子竞争

以4种不同来源的水稻土为材料,采用接种水稻土浸提液的厌氧培养试验,设置添加不同偏钒酸盐浓度和无定形氧化铁处理,测定培养过程中V(V)和Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的变化,探讨厌氧培养过程中V(V)和Fe(Ⅲ)还原之间的相互影响机制。结果表明,在厌氧环境下土壤微生物能够以V(V)作为电子受体,将其还原为低价态的钒,V(V)浓度随着培养时间增加呈降低趋势。以V(V)为唯一电子受体时,还原起始时间大体在2~15d之间;4种水稻土中的微生物群落对于V(V)的还原能力具有差异,V(V)还原率在汉中(HZ)和安康(AK)水稻土样品中分别达到92.82%~95.63%和81.15%~81.97%,而在邛崃(QL)和永吉(YJ)水稻土样品中分别为60.64%~62.19%和51.38%~53.41%,2种钒添加浓度处理间无明显差异。V(V)和Fe(Ⅲ)共同作为电子受体时,Fe(Ⅲ)可导致V(V)还原过程明显滞后15~20d,并且使还原率降低,分别为66.50%~75.26%(HZ),67.15%~69.22%(AK),48.14%~48.72%(YJ)及0~11.80%(QL)。不同处理的铁还原率均可达到100%,铁还原最大反应速率(Vmax)总体表现为:AKHZQLYJ样品;添加不同浓度V(V)后AK、HZ和YJ样品中出现明显促进铁还原过程的"协同效应",表现为Vmax增大,且最大还原速率对应的时间(TVmax)相应减小,但在QL样品中出现抑制铁还原的"拮抗效应",表现为随着V(V)浓度增加Vmax减小,且TVmax增大。推测的"协同效应"机理为:以发酵微生物的兼性还原为主导,V(V)还原产物强化了铁还原过程;而"拮抗效应"可能由于专性铁还原微生物的群落演替以及钒的毒性对发酵微生物产生抑制所致。     

褐土中铁的氧化还原与碳素转化

采用泥浆厌氧恒温培养的方法,研究了光照对旱作褐土中氧化铁的厌氧还原过程的影响,探讨了土壤中铁氧化物的还原-氧化过程与碳素转化的关系。结果表明,旱作褐土中游离铁氧化物的55.31%可在厌氧避光条件下发生还原,厌氧光照条件下游离铁氧化物的还原率最大仅为38.90%,还原产生的Fe(Ⅱ)可能被蓝细菌中的鱼腥蓝细菌属光合过程产生的氧氧化,40 d培养后其游离铁氧化物还原率低至7.95%。厌氧避光条件下培养40 d后土壤中水溶性总碳、无机碳含量分别增加了69%和246%,厌氧光照条件下水溶性总碳和无机碳则呈现先增加后降低的趋势,40 d培养后仅为反应前的47%和70%。水溶性总碳和无机碳含量分别与Fe(T)和Fe(Ⅱ)含量呈极显著线性正相关关系。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.