着生藻碳氮计量特征对铜锈环棱螺生长的影响

氮负荷较高的富营养湖泊中,着生藻大量增加,而牧食者数量却逐渐减少,进而导致沉水植物衰退或消亡;为了探究氮浓度过高对螺类生长的影响,本文基于受控实验,探讨了不同水体氮浓度(1 mg/L,4 mg/L,7 mg/L)培养下的着生藻碳氮计量特征对铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)生长的影响效应。结果表明,4 mg/L处理组的着生藻和螺体内的碳和氮含量均高于1 mg/L和7 mg/L处理组,而碳氮比则低于这2个处理组;1 mg/L处理组的着生藻和螺体内的碳和氮含量最低,其碳氮比最高。着生藻氮含量与螺体内氮含量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.877,P0.001)。水体氮浓度为1 mg/L处理组的螺生长率和体长均高于4 mg/L和7 mg/L处理组,4 mg/L处理组的螺生长率和体长最低。研究结果显示,着生藻氮元素含量在一定范围内会随着水体氮浓度的增加而升高,着生藻氮含量与螺体内的氮含量变化一致,作为螺食物的着生藻氮含量增加时,螺体内氮含量也相应随之增加。环棱螺食物质量的下降与着生藻中化学元素含量的改变有关,这可能是螺生长受到抑制的重要原因。     

淀山湖生态示范区附着藻类季节动态变化研究

于2010年在淀山湖生态修复示范区分0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 m 4个水层挂片,进行附着藻类群落结构的季节调查,以期探索其时空变化特征,为淀山湖生态修复积累基本资料。结果显示,共检出附着藻类139种,隶属7门50属;其中硅藻门最多,为19属89种;附着藻类的种类数在不同水层的分布具有季节特性,优势种具有明显的季节性和垂直性特性;该水域附着藻类密度在春季0.1 m水层最高,为12.73×104cell·cm-2;在冬季1.5 m水层最低,为367 cell·cm-2。除秋季0.5 m水层密度高于0.1 m水层外,其他3季藻类密度均随水深的增加而递减;二因素方差分析显示,附着藻类密度春季显著高于其他3季(P<0.05),秋季显著高于夏季和冬季(P<0.05);0.1 m水层密度与0.5 m水层密度之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但此两水层藻类密度均显著高于1.0 m和1.5 m(P<0.05)。附着藻类Shannon-weaver多样性指数(H′)为1.29～4.32,春季显著高于其他3个季节(P<0.05);1.5 m水层显著低于其他各水层(P<0.05)。表层水体(0.1 m)附着藻类密度和多样性易受降雨、风浪等因素干扰。     

Culture of organic tilapia to market size in periphyton‐based ponds with reduced feed inputs

In fish production under organic standards, only organic feeds and manures can be supplied. The cost of organic pelleted feeds is twice that of regular feeds. To support the organic production of hybrid tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus (L.) ×Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner)], a series of experiments in earthen ponds, to improve natural food production for this fish while reducing costs of added feed, are in progress. To improve natural food production for tilapia, plastic substrates equivalent to 50% of the pond surface were introduced into the water column to induce periphyton growth on them. To reduce costs, the feeding rate on pelleted feed was reduced to 60%. Tilapia growth in these periphyton ponds was then compared with ponds without underwater substrates that received the full feed rate. The polyculture consisted of 90% large (320 g stocking weight) hybrid tilapia and small amounts of other fish, at a total stocking density of 13 800 fish ha^?1, during 87 summer days. The results showed improved nitrification and the development of a large autotrophic periphyton biomass that competed with the phytoplankton in the periphyton ponds, and only a 10% and 15% reduction, respectively, in the tilapia daily and specific growth rates, with 40% feed saving. These results point towards periphyton‐based aquaculture as an appropriate technology for the reduction in production costs, allowing economically viable organic tilapia production.     

周丛藻类在水质监测及净化中应用的研究进展

近年来水质污染问题逐渐引起人们的密切关注,应用生态环境工程进行水质的检测与修复得到广泛应用。周丛藻类在水环境中广泛存在,并对水质变化极其敏感,所以在检测水质的同时检测周丛藻类的群落变化,能更全面监测水质变化;同时,因为周丛藻类的耐污性或敏感性的不同,也会对一些特殊的化学成分变化特别敏感,体现出指示作用。另外,周丛藻类对水体中的一些污染物如氮、磷及一些重金属离子等具有较好的吸附与去除作用,提示周丛藻类在水质净化中同样具有很高的应用价值。本研究就对今年来周丛藻类在水质监测及净化中应用的研究进展作一综述。     

太湖五里湖着生藻类群落结构特征分析

通过对2009年5月—2010年6月五里湖人工基质上着生藻类群落的全年连续监测,研究了五里湖着生藻类群落的种类组成、数量及其时空差异。结果表明,五里湖共检出着生藻类5门34属43种,其中硅藻门为全年优势门类,共12属24种,占着生藻类总种数的55.81%,着生藻类密度变化范围为(0.88~2.73)×104ind./cm2,年平均密度为1.95×104ind./cm2。空间上淤泥底质水域年均密度最高为3.90×104ind./cm2,而沙石底质水域最低为1.82×104ind./cm2;结果表明五里湖着生藻类的种类数和密度呈现明显的季节差异,由多到少依次为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季。Pielou均匀度指数和香农-威纳多样性指数均以夏季最高,全年变化范围分别为2.12~2.94和0.76~0.88,表明五里湖着生藻类群落结构资源丰富,群落结构处于较完整状态。     

Use of artificial substrates to enhance production of freshwater herbivorous fish in pond culture

Two trials were conducted in mud‐bottomed concrete tanks to assess the potential of using artificial substrates to enhance fish production in ponds. Three substrate types were tested: bamboo poles, PVC pipes and sugarcane bagasse bundles. In one trial, periphyton was grown on the substrates in the absence of fish. In the second trial, masheer (Tor khudree Sykes) fingerlings were stocked at three densities. Results showed a significant effect of substrate type on fish growth (P≤ 0.001) and on net fish production (P≤ 0.05), with best growth in the tanks using the bamboo substrate. In the bagasse treatment, 100% fish mortality occurred. Highest extrapolated periphyton‐based gross fish yield (i.e. without feed inputs) was 450 kg ha^?1 90 d^?1 with PVC and 491 kg ha^?1 90 d^?1 with bamboo substrate. The best periphyton growth occurred on bamboo, followed by bagasse and PVC. Without fish, mean periphyton biomass during the culture period was 0.56–1.20 mg cm^?2 on bamboo [ash‐free dry matter (DM)], against 0.09–0.36 mg cm^?2 on PVC and 0.20–0.59 mg cm^–2 on bagasse. No clear effect of fish density or water depth on periphyton biomass could be seen. Only on bamboo, fish density seemed to have a negative effect on periphyton ash‐free dry matter and a positive effect on pigment content (chlorophyll‐a and phaeophytin). Periphyton from bamboo had a lower ash content (38–47% of DM) than from PVC (54–55% of DM) or bagasse (51–58% of DM). It is concluded that substrate type has a strong effect on periphyton productivity and composition, and on fish productivity. Good fish production was achieved without feed inputs. More research is needed to study the economic viability of periphyton‐based systems in the context of Indian aquaculture.     

底栖藻类-苦草对猪粪废水中营养物质的去除效果

为了探究底栖藻类和沉水植物(苦草)对猪粪废水的处理效果,及苦草恢复重建的环境条件,通过设置不同浓度的猪粪废水处理,进行了为期32d的室内模拟实验。结果表明:底栖藻类、苦草、底栖藻类-苦草处理组对高浓度猪粪废水的COD和氮、磷均存在显著的去除效果;COD的最大去除率均大于86%,底栖藻类-苦草混合培养对高、中浓度猪粪废水中磷、氮的平均去除率分别大于62%和70%,高于二者单独培养的处理组(均小于59%和65%)。实验期间,底栖藻类、苦草和浮游藻类Chla含量的变化以及苦草的CAT、MDA含量变化表明,高浓度的猪粪废水会对苦草产生短期的逆境胁迫,但底栖藻类的存在可以减缓高浓度氮磷对苦草的胁迫效应,在中浓度氮磷且有底栖藻类存在的条件下,有利于苦草的恢复重建。     

淀山湖生态示范区附着藻类季节动态变化研究

于2010年在淀山湖生态修复示范区分0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 m 4个水层挂片,进行附着藻类群落结构的季节调查,以期探索其时空变化特征,为淀山湖生态修复积累基本资料。结果显示,共检出附着藻类139种,隶属7门50属;其中硅藻门最多,为19属89种;附着藻类的种类数在不同水层的分布具有季节特性,优势种具有明显的季节性和垂直性特性;该水域附着藻类密度在春季0.1 m水层最高,为12.73×104cell·cm-2;在冬季1.5 m水层最低,为367 cell·cm-2。除秋季0.5 m水层密度高于0.1 m水层外,其他3季藻类密度均随水深的增加而递减;二因素方差分析显示,附着藻类密度春季显著高于其他3季（P〈0.05）,秋季显著高于夏季和冬季（P〈0.05）;0.1 m水层密度与0.5 m水层密度之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）,但此两水层藻类密度均显著高于1.0 m和1.5 m（P〈0.05）。附着藻类Shannon-weaver多样性指数（H′）为1.29～4.32,春季显著高于其他3个季节（P〈0.05）;1.5 m水层显著低于其他各水层（P〈0.05）。表层水体（0.1 m）附着藻类密度和多样性易受降雨、风浪等因素干扰。     

Periphyton characteristics influence the growth and survival of Holothuria scabra early juveniles in an ocean nursery system

Floating hapas (fine mesh net enclosures) are a cost‐effective ocean nursery system to culture post‐metamorphic Holothuria scabra to release size. The growth of periphyton biofilm on hapas is a natural food source for early juveniles. This study investigated the effects of periphyton quality (i.e. chlorophyll‐a, phaeopigment, total biomass, autotrophic index or AI), water quality (nutrients, chlorophyll‐a) and environmental parameters (temperature, rainfall) on the temporal variation in the growth and survival of early juvenile (~3 mm) H. scabra reared in floating hapas. Five trials where the juveniles were reared for 60 days each in the eutrophic coastal waters of Bolinao, the Philippines were conducted during different months over 2 years. Significant differences in the growth and survival of juveniles among trials were found. Absolute growth rates (AGR) ranged widely (0.01–0.09 g/day). Trials with high AGR of juveniles (0.07–0.09 g/day) during the first 30 days of rearing had significantly higher chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) in biofilm (15.9–27.5 mg/m²) and lower AI. Conversely, during the subsequent 30 days, trials with high AGR of juveniles (0.06–0.11 g/day) had significantly lower chl‐a and higher AI. Multivariate analyses showed that chl‐a in biofilm, AI and nutrients in the water column are good indicators of periphyton quality and juvenile growth rates in floating hapas. Further, this study validates the expansion of the feeding mode of juveniles from primarily grazing on microalgae, to feeding on detritus and heterotrophs as they grow. These results are important in optimizing ocean nursery systems.     

上海临港滨海河道夏季周丛生物群落演替特征

于2021年6月26日-7月10日对上海浦东地区芦潮引河3段河流进行连续挂板采样，研究不同污染程度河流中周丛生物的分布特征及时间变化。共采集12次，获得36个样品，对18S rDNA V4可变区进行高通量测序。结果发现，主要类群为轮虫、绿藻、纤毛虫。不同污染程度河流周丛生物群落组成呈现显著性差异(p<0.01)，污染最严重的Y点样品优势属为Pentatrocha、Lagenidium、Dinovorax、Symbiodinium等，其特有属有Calycofera、Crucigeniella等；污染较为严重的H点样品的优势属为Ptygura、Oedogonium、Philodina、Physocypria等，特有属有Eccrinidus、Hyphochytrium等；无污染的G点样品优势属为Cyclotella、Prunus、Vorticella、Chlamydomonas等，特有属有Actinochloris、Adelina、Albugo等。生物群落与环境因子的趋势对应显示，TDS、盐度、pH和污染程度为影响周丛生物群落变化的显著性因素。不同生物对于环境因子的响应程度不同，优势属对于环境因子的选择性趋势更加明显。主要周丛生物类群（纤毛虫、轮虫、绿藻）在不同污染程度河流中群落丰度变化不同，调查周期内，在受到污染的G点和Y点周丛生物群落出现了绿藻代替纤毛虫的群落演替趋势。本研究为受污染水体周丛生物生态功能评估及环境评估提供基础数据，也为周丛生物（膜）作为一种环保绿色、造价低廉的污染物去除方法提供理论基础。