基于职业能力培养的高职旅游管理专业课程体系改革研究

高职旅游管理专业旨在培养学生旅游管理方面的职业能力和专业素质,为旅游业的发展提供了大量的复合型人才,因此职业性、时代性、综合性、自主性和区域性是高职旅游管理专业改革的现实要求。但是旅游管理专业在课程体系的设置方面还存在一些需要解决的问题,使其不能完全迎合这一要求,因此,必须从多个方面进行系统性改革,持续提升本专业的人才培养水平。     

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.     

Irrigation,a productive tool for food security – a review

Water scarcity in agriculture is becoming a major problem due to increasing demand from nonagricultural uses and intensive crop management on existing croplands to meet the needs of an expanding global population. Efficient use of the available irrigation water is therefore of important concern. Even though intensive research in the areas of crop physiology, irrigation engineering, agronomy and agricultural economics has developed several ways to improve the efficiency of irrigation water, a multidisciplinary approach is often regarded as the best future path to achieve further enhancements in meeting the forthcoming challenge of producing more and safety foods. Failure of irrigation production has profound effects on the welfare of all those employed in it and also their customers. Indeed, the scale of the industry is such that world food prices will be influenced by the overall performance of the irrigation farmers, but low food prices are essential to the welfare of the poorest people. The contribution of irrigation and water management to increased food production must come through both expansion of irrigation and improved management of existing water supplies. This review presents the past, current and future panorama of irrigation as a viable tool in ensuring food security on the globe. Considering past trends, this review empathizes that future irrigation technologies should be focused on providing the leadership and capacity to capture, develop and promote new irrigation practices and management systems to optimize production.     

基于耕地压力指数的山东省粮食生产动态分析与预测

[目的]对山东省1994—2014年的粮食生产进行动态分析,并对2015—2025年的粮食安全状况进行预测,为该省制定合理的粮食生产规划和农业经济政策提供科学依据。[方法]从耕地压力角度出发,采用最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型,通过对文献资料进行搜集、整理与统计,并运用Logistic人口预测模型和灰色GM(1,1)模型开展研究。[结果](1)山东省1994—2014年中的大多数年份耕地压力指数大于1,处于粮食不安全状态;(2)1994—2014年耕地压力指数呈现出缓慢上升趋势,且其变化具有明显的周期性,每个波动周期大约为4~5a;(3)未来10a粮食产量、年末人口总数呈增加的态势,而耕地面积、人均耕地面积、最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数均呈现出降低趋势,且大多数年份的耕地压力指数值小于1。[结论]通过大力发展粮食经济,未来10a山东省粮食生产与供给都将处于安全状态。     

豇豆属食用豆类间的远缘杂交

【目的】明确豇豆属下不同食用豆种间的杂交亲和性,为开展豇豆属食用豆远缘杂交育种提供参考。【方法】以绿豆、小豆、黑吉豆、饭豆、豇豆5种主要的豇豆属食用豆栽培豆种和Vigna minima、Vigna nakashimae、Vigna riukiuensis 3种小豆、饭豆的近缘野生种为亲本,进行豇豆属下食用豆种间的远缘杂交,并对“绿豆×小豆”、“饭豆×小豆”、“小豆×饭豆”的杂种幼胚进行幼胚拯救。通过调查杂交成荚率和杂种F₁的农艺性状表现,分析豇豆属下不同食用豆杂交组合间的杂交亲和性。【结果】各食用豆种间亲缘关系的远近及母本的选择影响远缘杂交结果。除包含豇豆种的杂交组合外,其他食用豆种间正反交杂交组合均能够结荚,杂交荚和杂交籽粒的发育程度在各组合间存在差异。“绿豆×黑吉豆”、“小豆×Vigna minima”、“小豆×Vigna nakashimae”、“小豆×Vigna riukiuensis”4个杂交组合不存在受精前的遗传障碍,杂交成荚率较高,幼胚发育阶段存在不同程度的发育障碍,但均可以获得能够正常出苗的杂交籽粒,F₁ 植株结实率降低。绿豆和饭豆间正反交均能够结荚,但绿豆作母本时的成荚率显著高于饭豆作母本时的成荚率,且能够收获成熟的杂交荚和杂交籽粒。F₁植株高度不育,即使与绿豆或饭豆回交也均不能获得有活力的后代种子。“绿豆×小豆”、“饭豆×小豆”2个杂交组合不存在受精前的杂交障碍,然而在受精后幼胚生长阶段却存在发育障碍。通过幼胚拯救可以获得两者的后代植株,前者F₁高度不育,后者F₁可育,但结实率降低。其他杂交组合间存在杂交荚发育一段时间后干枯或掉落、杂交籽粒胚败育等现象,未能获得后代植株。【结论】绿豆作母本与黑吉豆、小豆、饭豆杂交更利于杂交荚和杂交籽粒的发育;黑吉豆与小豆、饭豆杂交时存在胚败育现象;饭豆作母本与小豆杂交经幼胚拯救可以获得可育的F₁植株;小豆与近缘野生种的杂交亲和性优于饭豆;豇豆与其他食用豆类间杂交均未成功。     

杜仲梦尼夜蛾发育历期及取食行为研究

杜仲梦尼夜蛾是单食性食叶害虫,专性为害杜仲。本研究旨在摸清该害虫的发育及为害规律,为制定防治决策提供依据。通过野外采集越冬蛹,室内羽化并交尾、产卵,对孵化的幼虫采用单头饲养的方法精确测量幼虫各龄期的取食量,同时,观察并记述该虫各虫态的形态特征及其发育历期。结果表明,杜仲梦尼夜蛾越冬代历时213.85d,蛹期172.40d;在寄主植物生长季,其完成一个世代平均需要59.8d,其中卵期4.45d,幼虫期19.7d,蛹期28.85d,成虫期6.8d。幼虫期蜕皮7次,经历8个龄期,幼虫期存活率达98.9%。越冬代除蛹期外其他虫态历期与上述一致。幼虫全期取食,每头幼虫总取食量平均为1.65g新鲜叶片,6、7、8三个龄期幼虫总的取食量占幼虫期取食总量的79.71%。幼虫为害期约为20d,其防治工作应在5龄之前完成。     

施肥和种间竞争对黄顶菊入侵土壤微生物的影响

田间条件下建立了入侵植物黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)和伴生草本植物马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、益母草(Leonurus japonicus)单独种植(以下简称单种)和混合种植(以下简称混种,比例1∶1)小区,设置施氮肥和不施氮肥处理,研究两者对黄顶菊入侵土壤微生物的影响。结果表明:黄顶菊单种小区,土壤增施氮肥黄顶菊的生物量显著升高,且促进了真菌的生长,抑制放线菌、有机磷细菌和钾细菌的生长。黄顶菊与马唐竞争生长,施肥显著抑制了放线菌、有机磷细菌和钾细菌的生长,黄顶菊的竞争攻击力系数(aggressivity,以下简称AG)小于0,在竞争中黄顶菊不占优势;不施肥时细菌、放线菌、有机磷细菌的数量与黄顶菊生物量显著正相关(P0.05),且AG0,在竞争中黄顶菊占优势。黄顶菊与益母草竞争生长,施肥与否仅有机磷细菌数量显著高于裸土,且微生物数量与黄顶菊生物量都无显著相关性(P0.05),黄顶菊的AG都小于0,在竞争中不占优势。由此,黄顶菊与马唐或益母草竞争生长,增施氮肥改变了土壤微生物数量,降低了黄顶菊的种间竞争能力,不利于实现黄顶菊的入侵。     

三种寄主植物对小菜蛾实验种群特征的影响

为明确萝卜、白菜和油菜对小菜蛾实验种群特征的影响,测定了小菜蛾对3种寄主的取食量,通过构建两性生命表比较了不同寄主植物对其实验种群发育与繁殖的影响,并综合生命表与取食量参数,评价了小菜蛾对萝卜、白菜和油菜的危害。结果显示:小菜蛾幼虫在萝卜、油菜和白菜上的取食量差异显著,分别为93.3、105.0和114.7 mg/头。小菜蛾取食萝卜、白菜和油菜后,其幼虫的发育历期差异显著,依次为8.6、8.5和7.6 d;种群内禀增长率依次为0.18、0.23和0.23,周限增长率为1.19、1.26和1.26,净生殖率为18.7、46.1和30.6。取食萝卜的小菜蛾各发育阶段的存活率最低。小菜蛾对各供试寄主实际危害量占理论危害量的百分比为油菜(71.8%)白菜(70.8%)萝卜(53.0%)。表明同一时间内,小菜蛾对油菜危害程度最大,白菜次之,萝卜最小。     

7种林木植物对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响

为明确华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita(Faldermann)的嗜食植物,优化其室内人工饲养技术及为诱虫植物提供候选材料,以花生叶片为对照,研究了7种林木植物叶片对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响。结果表明,华北大黑鳃金龟对8种植物日均取食量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、刺槐、核桃、榆树、花生、柳树、香椿、毛白杨,其中金叶女贞、香椿和毛白杨与花生间有极显著差异,金叶女贞与刺槐、核桃、榆树间无显著差异;单雌产卵量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、香椿、花生、榆树、毛白杨、刺槐,其中金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、刺槐与花生间有极显著差异,而金叶女贞与柳树间无显著差异。研究表明,饲养华北大黑鳃金龟成虫适宜饲料植物为金叶女贞,日均取食量最高为4.70 g,产卵期最长为56.00 d,单雌产卵量最多为58.88个,其次为核桃和柳树。     

北京市粮食作物保险费率厘定研究

为对北京市粮食作物进行适当的风险管理,核算其合理的保险费率,首先分析北京市粮食作物保险的发展现状,在此基础上,运用构建单产分布模型以核算保险费率的方法,核算北京市5种粮食作物保险费率。结果表明：不同单产分布对农业保险费率厘定结果有一定的影响;北京市多数粮食作物农业保险费率偏高;粮食作物保险费率不同品种之间存在较大差异;北京市农作物保险仍存在补贴内容比较单一,保险补贴品种有限等问题。