双委夜蛾在五种寄主植物上的生命表参数比较

室内26℃下,用玉米、黄豆、花生、小麦、白菜5种寄主植物的幼苗饲喂双委夜蛾幼虫,测定了不同食料下幼虫的发育历期、存活率、末龄幼虫体重、蛹重及成虫寿命和产卵量,组建了双委夜蛾种群生命表。结果表明,取食小麦的双委夜蛾幼虫发育历期最短;取食不同食料的幼虫龄期不同,取食小麦以6龄为主,其余4种寄主作物上以7龄为主;食料不同,幼虫体重、蛹重、幼虫存活率、化蛹率及成虫的羽化率差异显著。生命表参数显示,取食小麦、黄豆的双委夜蛾净增殖率和种群趋势指数最高,小麦和黄豆是双委夜蛾较适宜的取食寄主。     

小菜蛾幼虫对菜心叶片取食量的测定及其拟合模型

通过小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.幼虫对菜心取食量变化的研究,得知小菜蛾幼虫在不同阶段的取食量以及变化规律,累计取食量在一定程度上表明了害虫的某一发育阶段对寄主的危害程度。并根据小菜蛾幼虫取食量与时间关系使用SAS8.1和Matlab7.1软件进行曲线拟合。小菜蛾幼虫取食菜心的叶面积的拟合曲线为f(t)=a1*sin(a2*t+a3)+a4*sin(a5*t+a6)+a7*sin(a8*t+a9),(R2=0.8832);而小菜蛾幼虫取食菜心叶片累计取食量的拟合曲线的Logistic模型为y=429.6285/[1+exp(0.66963-0.51935t)](R2=0.9621,p<0.05)。     

苏云金杆菌对小菜蛾取食量、生长发育和生殖的影响

在室内测定了苏云金杆菌制剂对小菜蛾３、４龄幼虫取食量、发育历期、幼虫化蛹率、蛹的羽化率、成虫寿命和雌虫产卵量的影响。结果表明,小菜蛾３龄初幼虫取食Ｂｔ制剂后,３龄幼虫的取食量显著减少,而发育历期显著延长,但对能发育到４龄的幼虫其取食量和发育历期没有显著影响。小菜蛾４龄幼虫取食Ｂｔ后,幼虫化蛹率和成虫羽化率均显著下降,且下降幅度随Ｂｔ制剂浓度的增高而增大。用４００倍的Ｂｔ液剂供给小菜蛾成虫取食,虽然对其寿命没有显著影响,但可导致雌虫产卵量显著减少。     

半闭弯尾姬蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

在24℃下研究了半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明，该蜂能寄生小菜蛾2-4龄的幼虫，但当2-4龄幼虫同时存在时，偏爱寄生2、3龄幼虫，对2、3、4龄幼虫的选择系数分别为0．37、0．44、0．19。该蜂对4龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而下降。2-4龄小菜蛾幼虫被寄生后，总发育历期与预蛹期都比未被寄生的显著延长。当小菜蛾幼虫在2龄初被寄生后，总取食量比未被寄生的显著减少；但当幼虫在3、4龄初被寄生后，各龄的取食量与未被寄生的差异不显著。     

温度和食料对二点委夜蛾种群生态学特征的影响

室内设置16、19、22、27、32℃5个温度梯度,用玉米、黄豆、花生、小麦4种食料饲喂二点委夜蛾幼虫,测定了不同虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命和产卵量,组建了二点委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。结果表明,取食4种食料的二点委夜蛾幼虫各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;食料不同各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温差异较大;在不同温度和食料下,二点委夜蛾种群趋势指数、净增殖率、世代平均周期、周限增长率和内禀增长率等生命表指数也有所不同。22~27℃是其适宜生长发育温度范围,黄豆和小麦是其较适宜的寄主。     

食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育诱导的影响

［目的］ 探求食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育的影响。［方法］ 在室内一定的温湿度条件下,观察比较大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群、泰安种群和龙南种群取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种不同食料的滞育反应。［结果］ 食料对哈尔滨种群的滞育诱导作用不依赖于光周期,而对泰安种群和龙南种群的滞育诱导作用依赖于光周期。取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种食料,大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群在25 ℃的滞育率为89.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为76.9%~100%;泰安种群在25 ℃的滞育率为21.7%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为4.5%~90.1%;龙南种群在25 ℃的滞育率为2.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为1.1%~90.9%。哈尔滨种群和泰安种群在25 ℃和28 ℃取食独行菜滞育率较低;龙南种群在25 ℃取食萝卜滞育率较低;在28 ℃取食白菜滞育率较低。［结论］ 食料对不同地理种群的大猿叶虫滞育诱导的影响显著。     

番茄潜叶蛾对4种茄科植物的适应性研究

番茄潜叶蛾(Tuta absoluta (Meyrick))是茄科植物上的重要害虫。本文研究了番茄、马铃薯、茄子和辣椒4种寄主对番茄潜叶蛾产卵选择、生长发育和种群增长参数的影响。结果表明,成虫对4种寄主的产卵偏好性强弱依次为番茄马铃薯茄子辣椒。辣椒上卵发育历期最长,幼虫孵化后不能完成发育。番茄上成虫前期存活率高于马铃薯和茄子,但总发育历期较长。该虫取食番茄叶片时的单雌产卵量和雌虫寿命高于其取食马铃薯和茄子叶片。其取食番茄、马铃薯和茄子叶片时的内禀增长率分别为0.143 4、0.140 6、0.113 3。综上所述,番茄潜叶蛾的最适寄主为番茄;在辣椒上无法完成生长发育;在马铃薯和茄子上种群增长潜能较强,具有暴发成灾的可能。     

长春地区大菜粉蝶生物学特性观察

大菜粉蝶Pieris brassicae是十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫之一。本文通过田间观察结合室内饲养,系统描述了该虫各发育阶段的形态特征,记录了发育历期、生活史及其生活习性。大菜粉蝶在长春地区1年发生3代,以蛹越冬。成虫多产卵于叶背面,每块卵10～207粒。幼虫5个龄期,群集为害,随着幼虫龄期的增长,头壳宽度与体长逐渐增加,各龄期头壳宽度和体长生长模型为：y_W=1.727e^0.557x(R²=0.998)和y_L=0.031x²+0.339x-0.013(R²=0.994)。取食白菜、油菜、甘蓝和萝卜4种寄主的幼虫发育历期存在显著差异,取食白菜发育最快,取食油菜的蛹最重,白菜和油菜更适宜其生长发育。本研究描述了大菜粉蝶各发育阶段的形态特征,明确了其主要生物学特性,为该害虫的识别监测和综合防控提供了理论基础。     

不同品种萝卜苗对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

研究了5种不同品种萝卜苗对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,小菜蛾对5种萝卜苗有不同的产卵嗜好性。产卵量从低到高依次是红衣天使<四季青<小五樱<玉笋<韩白龙(p<0.05)。小菜蛾在红衣天使和玉笋上发育历期较长,在四季青上发育历期较短;在韩白龙上的成活率最高,在红衣天使上的成活率最低(p<0.05)。取食不同品种萝卜苗的小菜蛾F1代雌、雄成虫寿命之间差异不显著(p>0.05),而取食红衣天使、韩白龙、四季青的小菜蛾F1代雌虫的产卵期较长,取食小五樱、玉笋的小菜蛾F1代雌虫的产卵期较短。以韩白龙为寄主植物的小菜蛾F1代雌虫产卵量最多(112粒/头),而以红衣天使为寄主植物的小菜蛾F1代雌虫一生产卵量最低(91.84粒/头),两者之间差异显著(p<0.05)。小菜蛾在红衣天使上的内禀增长率(rm=0.13)、净增值率(R0=12.73)和周限增长率(λ=1.14)最小,说明其不利于小菜蛾的生长发育和繁殖。     

取食不同寄主的小菜蛾对呋喃威和巴丹敏感性变化

取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾３龄幼虫对呋喃威和巴丹的敏感性发生了变化。其中取食萝卜的小菜蛾最为敏感，其次为甘蓝、菜心、白菜和西洋菜，取食花椰菜的最不敏感。但用不同寄主植物饲养小菜蛾１个世代后，统一用菜心饲养至３龄，再分别用上述药剂测定，其结果敏感性差异不明显。     

八种十字花科寄主植物真叶和子叶的化学成分及其对小菜蛾生长发育及生理代谢的影响

为明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella对寄主植物真叶和子叶的适合度,于室内测定8种十字花科植物改良青杂3号、改良露头青、陕油0913、甘杂1号、超级火箕青、四月慢、绿球66和中花尖叶芥蓝真叶和子叶的营养物质和次生代谢物质的含量,并测定取食后小菜蛾幼虫的取食选择性、发育历期、蛹重、保护酶和解毒酶活性。结果显示,8种寄主植物真叶的可溶性糖、总氨基酸、单宁、类黄酮和总酚含量之间差异显著,且大部分均显著高于其子叶,8种寄主植物子叶的可溶性糖、总氨基酸、单宁、类黄酮和总酚含量之间也差异显著。小菜蛾3龄幼虫偏好取食真叶;取食8种寄主植物真叶后成虫前期的发育历期为12.3～16.3 d,取食子叶后成虫前期的发育历期为14.3～18.6 d;取食子叶的蛹重明显低于取食其真叶;取食8种寄主植物真叶的小菜蛾幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）、羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase,Car...     

Biological activity of neem seed kernel extracts and synthetic azadirachtin against larvae of Plutella xylostella L

The activity of two neem extracts, AZT and NEEM-AZAL (containing 30 and 3 mg azadirachtin ml^?1 respectively) and synthetic azadirachtin (AZ) against second-instar larvae (L2) of Plutella xylostella L. was examined using leafdip bioassays. On Chinese cabbage, AZ was significantly (P <0.05) less toxic (3 to 4-fold; LC₅₀ 0.54 μg AZ ml^?1) than either neem extract against a laboratory strain of P. xylostella (FS). The LC₅₀ values for AZT against the FS and another laboratory strain (Wellcome) were not significantly different on Chinese cabbage. The activity of AZT against the FS and Wellcome strains was similar on Chinese cabbage and Brussels sprout. AZT was significantly less toxic (3-fold) on Brussels sprout against an acylurea-resistant field strain (Sawi) when compared with the FS strain on Chinese cabbage. Larval mortality (at day 13) was found to increase with increasing exposure time of P. xylostella (FS) larvae to AZT-treated Chinese cabbage, although there was little difference in mortality between 48 and 120 h exposure. When AZT, NEEM-AZAL and AZ were applied at a dose (1 μg AZ ml^?1) which gave end-point mortalities between 50 and 90% (at day 13), all treatments delayed the development of a proportion of surviving larvae but no morphogenetic abnormalities were observed in larvae which reached pupation. Evidence for antifeedant (reduced weight gain) and repellant effects (choicechamber) for AZT were observed with L2 P. xylostella (Wellcome) on Chinese cabbage. AZT was also shown to have ovicidal activity against P. xylostella (Wellcome) at relatively high dose ranges (10-1000 μg AZ ml^?1) as well as some contact activity (FS strain) in topical bioassays. In residual bioassays on glass with adults of the hymenopteran endo-larval parasitoid of P. xylostella, Diadegma semiclausum (Ichneumonidae), AZT showed little or no activity at rates up to 1000 μg AZ ml^?1. In medium-volume (MV, 200 litre ha^?1) and ultra-low-volume (c. 1 litre ha^?1) spray bioassays on Brussels sprout, AZT gave 16-92% and 88-100% mortality respectively (Wellcome strain) at rates approximating to 1-20 g AZ ha^?1. The residual activity of AZT and NEEM-AZAL against P. xylostella (FS) on Brussels sprout (MV spray) was observed to decrease appreciably after three days, the decline in activity being particularly marked for NEEM-AZAL.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌对小菜蛾的致死和亚致死效应室内评价

嗜线虫致病杆菌是与昆虫病原线虫共生的细菌,对小菜蛾等多种害虫具有广谱的杀虫活性。为了深入了解该菌的杀虫活性,在室内测定了嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310 ( 简称 Xn HB310)菌株对小菜蛾幼虫的致死和亚致死效应以及持效期。结果表明, Xn HB310菌液对小菜蛾2龄和3龄幼虫72 h的LC50值分别是3.32×104 和8.56×104 CFU/mL,其活性组分主要存在于菌株细胞和经50 kDa超滤膜超滤后的上清液中。此外, Xn HB310菌液对小菜蛾幼虫还表现出明显的拒食活性,其2龄和3龄幼虫的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为4.03×105和8.48×105 CFU/mL。将2.24×106 CFU/mL菌液喷施到甘蓝苗上,其在室内的持效期为3~4 d。用亚致死剂量(LC30和LC50)的菌液饲喂小菜蛾2龄幼虫,存活幼虫的生长发育指标、蛹重、雌虫寿命以及成虫产卵量均明显下降,推测这可能导致小菜蛾下一代种群数量减少。研究结果表明,嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株具有开发成为杀虫剂的潜力。     

Toxicity,persistence and efficacy of indoxacarb and two other insecticides on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) immatures in cabbage

Toxicities of indoxacarb on eggs and 5-day-old larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., on cabbage and those of field-aged leaf residues on 5-day-old larvae were determined in the laboratory. The persistence and efficacies of indoxacarb and two other newer insecticides (spinosad and emamectin benzoate) to P. xylostella were tested under field conditions. Results from laboratory bioassays indicate that indoxacarb was highly toxic to P. xylostella larvae through food ingestion, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 24.1 and 90.1 mg AI l ^{- 1}, respectively. However, indoxacarb had no significant effects on eggs and larvae through direct contact compared with water control. The toxicity of field-aged leaf residues of indoxacarb (0-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 10-, 14-, 17- and 21-day-old residues) declined slowly and gradually under the field conditions in South Texas. Almost all larvae died on day 5 after feeding on the leaves with 0 - 14-day residue, and the mortalities were as high as 94 and 78% for the 14- and 17-day-old leaf residues. With one application, indoxacarb suppressed P. xylostella larvae below the economic threshold for 14 - 21 days. Two field trials showed that indoxacarb at 0.05 - 0.07 kg AI ha ^{- 1} was effective against P. xylostella, providing marketable cabbage with three applications per season. In addition, indoxacarb was as effective as spinosad, and significantly more effective than emamectin benzoate.     

不同食料对黄地老虎生长发育和繁殖的影响

幼虫在不同食料饲养中,以灰藜最好,苘麻最差。前者幼虫期平均23～30.9天,脱皮4～5次,自然死亡率4.3～8.0％;后者则各为46.1～47.1天、6～7次、45％。各种食料饲养的蛹重,以白菜和灰藜较重,马铃薯较轻。蛹重不是决定成虫产卵高低的主要因子,而与幼虫取食食料种类关系较为密切。如幼虫取食白菜、棉花及玉米、马铃薯混杂草者,较取食旋花、马铃薯及玉米者产卵量高0.15～2.23倍,产卵期和寿命亦较长。取食混合食料的幼虫,发育速度和成虫产卵量,一般均较取食单纯一种食料为高。在成虫取食各种花蜜饲养中,以供食蜂蜜红糖水、马蔺花和向日葵花者产卵率和产卵量最高,白菜花、苜蓿花和清水者最低,前者为后者产卵量的1.99～14.06倍,雌蛾产卵率高11.1～35.7％,产卵期和寿命亦以前者为长。从幼虫和成虫取食不同营养对产卵量的对比来看,成虫期补充营养较幼虫期营养更为重要。因而某一地区蜜源植物的种类、分布密度以及蜜源植物花期与成虫发生期的符合程度,是决定某地区黄地老虎种群密度高低、为害轻重的最主要因素之一。     

Residual toxicity and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on Plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae)

BACKGROUND: The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), is the most important pest of cruciferous vegetables in the world. Chlorantraniliprole is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide registered for the control of lepidopteran pests. The dose response, residual toxicity and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole applied for 48 h at LC₁₀ (0.02 mg L^?1) and LC₂₅ (0.06 mg L^?1) on P. xylostella were investigated. RESULTS: Leaf‐dip bioassays showed that chlorantraniliprole had a high level of toxicity against larvae of P. xylostella, and the 48 h LC₅₀ values were 0.23 and 0.25 mg L^?1 for a susceptible and field strain respectively. Chlorantraniliprole also had a long‐lasting effect when the larvae were exposed to chlorantraniliprole field sprayed on radish seedlings. Sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole were indicated by reduced pupation, pupal weight and adult emergence rates. There was also an increase in the duration of female preoviposition period, decreased fecundity and egg hatch and decreased survival rates of the offspring. The mean values of the net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly lower in the treatment than in control groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that chlorantraniliprole is effective against P. xylostella. The sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole may reduce the population growth of P. xylostella by decreasing its survival and reproduction, and by delaying its development. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

芸薹根肿菌次生游动孢子侵染致病分析

为明确芸薹根肿菌Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron.在其它寄主中是否广泛存在无性短循环及次生游动孢子的侵染致病性,以不结球白菜为寄主培养3批幼苗(G1、G2和G3),用休眠孢子悬浮液接种G1,被侵染的G1接种G2,被侵染的G2接种G3,采用离心管水培法研究其侵染致病性。结果显示,无性短循环研究中,G1、G2和G3根毛均被侵染,除G3并株接种侵染率为33.33%外,其它处理侵染率均在50.00%以上,根毛里有明显的游动孢子囊;次生游动孢子能侵染不结球白菜的皮层组织,致使不结球白菜发病形成明显的肿根;G1、G2和G3水培发病率为20.00%、15.00%和6.00%,砂培发病率为22.50%、18.75%和7.50%;G3肿根病理切片中可观察到休眠孢子。表明芸薹根肿菌侵染不结球白菜时,其生活史中存在无性短循环,次生游动孢子具有侵染致病作用。     

Feeding behavior of Plutella xylostella and Leptinotarsa decemlineata on leaves treated with Bacillus thuringiensis and esfenvalerate

Studies were conducted to examine interactions between esfenvalerate and Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. in their effects on feeding behavior of larvae of Plutella xylostella L. and Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Droplets containing esfenvalerate, B. thuringiensis, the two in combination, and water controls were individually applied to leaf disks. Third-instar P. xylostella larvae were allowed to feed for 24 h on cabbage disks and third-instar L. decemlineata larvae were allowed to feed for approximately 18 h on potato leaf disks. For each insect species and each treatment, the proportion of leaf area removed during the feeding period was regressed on the proportion of droplets removed during that period to test for avoidance of droplet residues. No significant differences were found between treatments in these regressions for L. decemlineata. In contrast, B. thuringiensis, either alone or in combination with esfenvalerate, significantly affected the relationship of leaf and droplet consumption for P. xylostella. No evidence of individual droplet avoidance, i.e. a consistently greater proportion of leaf than droplets consumed, was found for any of the treatments. Proportions of leaf consumed and proportions of droplets consumed were compared among treatments to test for effects on feeding rate. B. thuringiensis significantly reduced feeding rate, both alone and in combination with esfenvalerate for P. xylostella and alone for L. decemlineata. We found no statistically significant differences in feeding rate due to esfenvalerate. The species studied can be expected to consume the same amount of B. thuringiensis whether it is mixed with esfenvalerate or not, whereas esfenvalerate dose by ingestion would be reduced if it were mixed with B. thuringiensis.