樟树重要食叶害虫——樟蚕生物学特性研究

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)是我国南方重要的园林绿化树种和用材树种,但近年来遭受樟蚕(Eriogyna pyretorum)等害虫的持续为害。为此,采用野外调查和室内饲养相结合的方法 ,观察樟蚕生物学特性。结果表明,樟蚕在我国福州地区1年1代,以蛹越冬,世代历期平均338.08 d。其中,卵期32.57 d,幼虫期58.87 d,蛹期231.50 d,成虫期10.61 d。以幼虫为害当年新叶,1～3龄幼虫群集为害,4～7龄幼虫分散取食,6～7龄幼虫取食量最大。成虫于16时至20时羽化,喜夜间活动,寿命较长。雌虫的幼虫期为7龄,雄虫的幼虫期只有6龄,雌雄性比为1.73∶1。     

黑纹粉蝶的生物学

黑纹粉蝶PierismeleteMenetries是江西山区十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫，目前只发现在萝卜、白菜和芥菜上为害，以幼虫取食叶片和荚果。该虫在江西一年发生2～4代，春季1代，以蛹越夏，秋季1～3代，以蛹越冬。由于越夏代成虫的羽化期和产卵期长，导致了世代重叠。雌虫寿命一般7～15d，每雌产卵量可达200粒；卵单产于叶片背面，卵期3～8d；幼虫期12～26d；非滞育的蛹期7～24d，越夏的蛹期104～178d，越冬的蛹期97～157d。     

桑皱鞘叶甲生物学特性及综合防治

桑皱鞘叶甲是桑树春叶期的重要害虫，在江西修水县2年发生1代，以成虫和中等大小的幼虫在桑园土下15－60cm深处的土室内越冬，越冬成虫于次年4月下旬至5月上旬大量出土并繁殖为害，为害高峰期为4月底到6月中旬。幼虫分布范围为土下10－65cm，其中以30－50cm最多。当年孵化的幼虫至11月中下旬开始越冬，次年3月中下旬继续取食和生长，9月上旬至10月中旬化蛹，9月下旬至11月底羽化并静伏于土室内过冬。在自然条件下各虫态发育历期为：卵期9－10d，幼虫期15－16个月，蛹期16－19d。成虫寿命8－9个月，其中土下蛰伏6－7个月，出土生活2－3个月。可用昆虫病原线虫压低土中幼虫密度及成虫高峰期施用杀虫剂，并辅以人工防治的方法防治该虫。     

草地贪夜蛾在安徽地区越冬能力初探

草地贪夜蛾的生长发育、繁殖和分布与环境温度密切相关,为探明该虫在安徽地区的越冬能力,本研究利用人工接虫的方式模拟草地贪夜蛾冬季的田间存活状态,调查幼虫存活率、龄期、植株被害率,并利用线性模型预测草地贪夜蛾田间发育历期。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾在田间平均气温低于10℃并持续8~10 d时死亡率达到100%;10月15日接入的草地贪夜蛾幼虫无法完成完整世代周期,但仍能为害玉米幼苗,接虫后30 d玉米植株的被害率均达100%;根据模型公式,采用10月15日至11月18日期间的温度预测发育历期,得到卵、幼虫、蛹以及整个世代的发育历期分别为9.23、46.86、40.70、69.38 d。本研究初步探明了草地贪夜蛾在安徽地区的越冬规律,研究结果为虫情监测和防控提供科学依据。     

6种杀虫剂对苹果园苹褐带卷蛾的田间防效

为了阐明茶刺蛾（Iragoides fasciata Moore)幼虫的取食为害及生长发育特征,明确其防治适期和防治指标。通过室内饲养观察,测定了茶刺蛾各龄幼虫的取食量、体长、体宽及体重,按防治后挽回的损失与防治成本相等的方法估算了其在有机茶园的防治指标。结果表明整个幼虫期取食茶叶1.547 g/头,其中1~3龄的取食量极小,从4龄开始取食量逐渐增大,6、7龄的取食量分别占总取食量的19%和71.4%。幼虫体重随龄期增加而增长的趋势与取食量一致,从4龄起开始快速增长,至7龄时达到最高值0.167 g。为防止茶刺蛾暴发为害,应在取食量小的4龄前开展防治。有机茶园防治指标拟定为6头/m2。     

西南桦重要食叶害虫——柳黑枯叶蛾生物学特性研究

柳黑枯叶蛾是西南桦的重要食叶害虫,于2017—2019年,在云南保山开展了对其生活史、生活习性和取食行为的调查。结果表明,该虫在滇西地区1年发生不完全2代,于10月上旬在树干基部表皮聚集静伏越冬,翌年3月下旬越冬幼虫开始活动,少量取食叶片,4月中、下旬化蛹。第1代成虫在5月中、下旬达到羽化高峰,雌雄比为1.08∶1。雌蛾平均产卵量为19.3粒/头,卵孵化率为93.75%;5月下旬至8月下旬为第1代幼虫取食为害期,为害盛期平均虫口密度为318头/株,平均单日取食量为(3.55±3.42)cm~2/头;9月下旬第2代成虫羽化,10月上旬第2代幼虫少量取食后开始越冬。幼虫白天群居静伏于树干基部或中上部,傍晚至夜间移动至树冠处取食。室内饲养种群平均发育历期为(88.08±8.03)d。其中,幼虫期较长,平均为(63.22±6.32)d。研究结果可为滇西地区柳黑枯叶蛾的防控提供科学参考。     

绿翅绢野螟生物学特性初步研究

绿翅绢野螟[Diaphania angustalis(Snellen)]是糖胶树的主要害虫。幼虫吐丝纵卷叶片取食叶肉。在云南思茅1年发生6代,第2～4代为主害代。以老熟幼虫在糖胶树上越冬。卵期3.5～4.5 d,幼虫期15.5～18.4 d,蛹期10.8～13.9 d,雌成虫期12～16.3 d,产卵前期4.6～7.5 d,产卵期5～8 d。以生物农药为主的综合防治措施,能有效防治。幼虫寄生蜂寄生率高。     

黑广肩步甲主要生物学特性及卵的有效积温

研究了黑广肩步甲Calosoma maximociczi Morawitz各虫态的主要生物学特性及其卵的发育起点温度与有效积温。在山东地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14．66℃,有效积温41．7日度,在25℃下卵期平均为3．69±0．25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、4d-5d;平均气温28℃下,预蛹期约为8d-14d,蛹期为10d-15d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。     

温度对白面叉草蛉发育与繁殖的影响

白面叉草蛉Dichochrysa albofrontata Yang et Yang是螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus RusseⅡ的重要捕食性天敌。本文在实验室温(26℃～32℃)及特设(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃)下对白面叉草蛉的发育及繁殖情况进行了研究。结果表明:白面叉草蛉发育经历卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段,幼虫期分3个龄期。幼虫捕食螺旋粉虱的卵、若虫和拟蛹,偏嗜拟蛹,其中3龄幼虫捕食量大。在室温下,完成一个世代的时间为31.5d～41.5d,其中幼虫期平均14.3d,蛹期平均8.7d,卵期平均3.3d。在16℃～32℃温度范围内,白面叉草蛉均可完成世代发育,各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中在32℃下最短,分别为卵3.1d、1龄幼虫4.2d、2龄幼虫4.0d、3龄幼虫5.2d、蛹10.8d。各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵11.8℃、幼虫7.5℃、蛹9.5℃、世代10.5℃,卵、幼虫、蛹和世代完成发育所需的有效积温分别为62.7日度、310.5日度、230.7日度、716.1日度。据此估算,该虫在海南每年可完成6～7代。在16℃～32℃范围内各虫态及世代存活率随温度升高而...     

二点委夜蛾的发生规律及其防治技术

研究明确了二点委夜蛾在黄淮海小麦玉米连作区1年发生4代。1、2代幼虫以取食小麦、玉米等禾本科作物为主,3、4代幼虫转移到豆类、薯类等匍匐或有落叶的农作物造成的隐蔽潮湿处取食。该虫可在当地越冬、越夏。以成虫飞行或借风力进行扩散为害,未发现大规模迁飞为害习性。2代幼虫是为害夏玉米的主害代。通过采取适当的农业措施和高效成虫杀灭技术,幼虫期治早、治小,大龄幼虫应急防控,可以达到控制二点委夜蛾为害、减少产量损失的目的。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.