功能性氨基酸在动物机体内的代谢利用与生理功能

氨基酸具有调节动物基因表达、促进小肠和骨骼肌的生长以及减少过多脂肪沉积等功能,而功能性氨基酸可在动物体中参与并调节动物健康水平与存活率、促进生长与发育、提高泌乳量与繁殖性能等关键代谢途径。论文对功能性氨基酸在动物机体中的代谢利用及生理功能进行了分析和综述,为进一步探索和解决功能性氨基酸"黑箱子"奥秘提供参考。     

When fish shoals meet: outcomes for evolution and fisheries

The mechanisms underlying the social structure of free‐ranging fish shoals have received little attention in comparison to functional studies on shoaling. Recently, however, a number of investigations, both in the marine and in the freshwater environment, have begun to address the underlying mechanisms by concentrating on interactions between free‐ranging shoals. The rates of shoal encounters can influence the opportunities for individual assortment by phenotype and selection of shoal size; act as a constraint on the observed patterns of shoal structure by restricting individual choice behaviour and were found to be high in several small freshwater species (where intershoal distances were small), but lower in marine species where shoals were more dispersed. The duration of encounters may play a role in that it affects both the time available for assessment (of the encountered shoal) as well as that for exchange of individuals. Scarce published information on the outcome of shoal encounters suggests that the outcome of shoal encounters is influenced by shoal composition but not by shoal size. Individual behaviour may have evolved to maintain shoal size when shoals encounter, but when fish populations are depleted by fishing, this trait can exacerbate range and stock collapse. Furthermore, an understanding of the dynamics of shoal encounters has important consequences for the evolution of reciprocal altruism and the transmission of information through social learning within populations. Finally, information on encounter rates between shoals and the number of individuals that are exchanged on such occasions could be important for making predictions about the spread of disease through fish populations.     

Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen.     

Effects of species richness and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for methane yields from anaerobic digestion: results from a grassland diversity experiment

Changes in livestock production systems have led to land‐use changes and abandonment, especially of semi‐natural grassland in agriculturally less favoured regions. The generation of energy from biomass of extensive, high‐diversity grasslands can be an alternative to their abandonment, and anaerobic digestion is one possible method for converting grassland biomass into energy. However, little is known about the effects of species richness (SR) and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for anaerobic digestion and the resulting energy potential. In this study, changes in the herbage chemical constituents that are relevant for forage quality were studied along a well‐defined diversity gradient (one to sixty species) and across different combinations of functional groups (legumes, small herbs, tall herbs and grasses). Substrate‐specific methane yield (CH_4 sub) was estimated through the concentrations of forage‐quality parameters such as crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), crude lipid, nitrogen‐free extract and their documented digestibility values, as well as the respective methane yields. Results show that with increasing SR, the CF increased and CP decreased, even though these effects could not be fully disentangled from the presence of grasses. These trends led to a negative effect of SR on CH_4 sub, while the area‐specific methane yield (CH_4 area = CH_4 sub × biomass yield) increased due to a strong increase in biomass with increasing SR. The CH_4 sub was increased when legumes were present, and it declined with the presence of grasses. Generally, CH_4 sub and CH_4 area varied between functional‐group monocultures and all functional‐group mixtures.     

稻瘟病抗性基因的克隆及应用研究进展

稻瘟病是水稻三大病害之一,每年都给水稻生产造成巨大损失,挖掘并合理利用品种自身抗性是解决稻瘟病危害的最有效途径。本文综述了水稻稻瘟病抗性基因克隆、功能标记开发以及稻瘟病抗性分子标记辅助选择育种研究进展,为进一步克隆、研究、应用稻瘟病抗性基因提供理论指导。     

叶柄硝态氮含量与炸条型马铃薯块茎干物质含量的关系

以‘抗疫白’(Kennebec)为供试材料,设计6个氮肥梯度,通过田间小区试验,研究不同施氮量对马铃薯块茎干物质含量的影响,并测定植株叶柄的硝态氮含量,建立叶柄硝态氮含量与炸条型马铃薯块茎干物质含量函数模型。结果表明,马铃薯块茎干物质含量随着施氮量的增加表现为单峰曲线变化。对施氮量和马铃薯块茎干物质含量进行拟合二次函数方程,预测出‘抗疫白’在施氮量为122 kg/hm2时干物质含量达到了最大值20.6%。不同时期的叶柄硝态氮含量与块茎干物质含量相关性均达到了显著水平,并获得相对应的函数方程,计算得出获得最佳的干物质含量出苗第10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80和90 d叶柄硝态氮含量理论最佳值依次为2.45%,2.20%,2.06%,1.74%,1.51%,1.34%,1.08%,0.87%和0.66%,及叶柄硝态氮含量的最佳值与出苗后天数的拟合方程y=-0.02 x+2.3123,R2=0.9949。可以利用该拟合方程,指导田间氮肥施用,达到控制块茎干物质含量的目的。     

中国土壤侵蚀研究重大成就及未来关键领域

[目的] 回顾中国土壤侵蚀研究的发展历程,总结该领域的重大研究成果,分析其现阶段存在的问题及未来关键研究领域,旨在为中国水土保持及区域生态建设与绿色高质量发展提供参考。[方法] 基于多年的土壤侵蚀研究野外调查和学术研究工作经验,对中国土壤侵蚀的有关重大问题进行了长期思考。经过多次学术研讨,并与同行权威专家进行了交流和探讨。[结果] 中国土壤侵蚀研究领域近百年来取得了一系列重大研究成果,也存在着一些不足和问题。中国土壤侵蚀研究未来应从土壤侵蚀预报模型完善推广及精度评价,坡面径流计算方法及模型构建,人工模拟降雨试验和水槽试验结果的代表性及真实性评价等方面开展重点研究,并关注土壤侵蚀过程机理、模型应用、技术方法、响应评价、瓶颈问题等议题的研究。[结论] 近百年来的研究实践证明,中国土壤侵蚀研究只有立足于国情,根据中国土壤侵蚀特点、研究现状及社会需求的变化确定和调整研究方向,才有可能取得标志性成果。同时,在国家大力推行生态文明建设的新时代,土壤侵蚀研究也要调整思路和研究重点。此外,水土保持工作还应与国家乡村振兴和生态建设相结合,以先预防,少扰动为主,改变过去先破坏再治理的模式。     

基于功能分区与多聚类算法集成的耕地细碎化评价及整治

基于图斑尺度的耕地细碎化评价及整治有利于耕地布局优化,促进农业规模化与集约化发展。该研究以耕地图斑为基本评价单元,引入聚合分析来量化图斑间空间位置关系,围绕耕地细碎化内涵选取评价指标;运用热点分析和二步聚类算法来对研究区功能分区,在功能分区基础上,基于带轮廓系数的k-means聚类算法,评价耕地图斑的细碎化程度。结果表明：1）根据功能分区的聚类结果,新北区被划分为不显著区、连片规整区、离散复杂区;2）评价结果将新北区耕地图斑分为3类：类别一,离散破碎类,包含图斑17 332块,平均图斑面积过小,连片度低,图斑面积集中在0～10 000 m2,面积占比21.98%,连片度集中在1～4,主要分布在新北区中心区域;类别二,形状复杂类,包含图斑4 535 块,图斑形状复杂不规整,面积占比9.65%,形状指数集中在1.5～2.5,均匀分布在全区;类别三,连片规整类,包含图斑4 091 块,图斑集中连片、形态规整,面积占比68.37%,连片度集中在5～10,形状指数集中在1～1.5,主要分布在外围区域;并基于各类别耕地细碎化属性差异,提出相应的优化模式和整治意见。研究结果可以为耕地细碎化整治提供一定参考。     

不同年龄段的农村老人养老现状及思考——基于宝鸡市1064名农村老人的实证调查

为全面了解宝鸡市农村老人的养老现状,通过入户发放问卷对宝鸡市三个整村的1 179名老人进行了调查,运用SPSS计算机统计软件对问卷数据进行了统计分析.结果显示,不同年龄阶段的农村老人在养老方式、子女赡养、帮扶对象等方面存在多元需求,因此探索建立养老服务的新模式体系,建议不同年龄段老人采用不同的养老方式;提出子女赡养和贫困救助帮扶的建议;针对农村老人特点开展丰富的文化娱乐活动,提高老人的生命质量.希望能缓解宝鸡市农村老人养老面临的巨大压力.     

木材检验技术在木材运输中的应用探讨

文章介绍了木材检验技术在木材运输中的作用与地位,分析了木材运输中常见的木材检验技术误区,阐述了由此引起的责任风险或者造成的危害,并依据现行木材检验标准规定,针对性地提出了规范的木材检验技术操作要领。