复方参芩对人工感染心肌炎型细小病毒病犬的疗效试验

本试验为探讨复方参芩对人工感染心肌炎型细小病毒病犬的疗效,将犬分为空白对照组、模型组、阳性药物对照组、复方参芩组,用犬细小病毒接种建立动物模型,用复方参芩预防犬细小病毒病,应用生物信号采集系统的心电图技术测定试验动物的心率、心电图,取心脏石蜡包埋、切片、镜检。试验结果显示,攻毒后3 d,模型组犬心率和心电图异常率增加,心肌损害严重;复方参芩组犬心率保持正常,心电图异常率显著低于模型组犬,心肌组织与空白对照组相比差异不显著。试验犬感染病毒第5天,空白对照组犬未出现死亡,模型组犬死亡率为100%,复方参芩组保护率为80%,阳性药物对照组保护率为70%。表明复方参芩能有效预防心肌炎型犬细小病毒病。     

清远麻鸡禽白血病病理组织学观察和PCR诊断

本试验选择临床症状明显、经禽白血病抗原检测为阳性的15只祖代清远麻鸡,采集肝脏、脾脏、肾脏等器官进行病理组织学观察和PCR诊断。结果显示,从病理组织切片中观察到肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、骨髓、腺胃、心脏、肺脏、胰腺和卵巢等组织中有大量的淋巴母细胞呈灶状增生或散在分布,以及少量的成髓细胞增生。禽白血病病毒主要侵害祖代清远麻鸡机体的内脏器官和骨髓,对大脑等神经组织损害较轻;PCR扩增结果表明,所采集的15份样品均能扩增出545 bp左右的特异性片段,证明15份组织样品中均存在J亚型禽白血病病毒。     

Parasites and hepatic lesions among pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum), during early seawater residence

Juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum), in the Broughton Archipelago region of western Canada were surveyed over 2 years for sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus clemensi), gross and microscopic lesions and evidence of infections with viruses and bacteria. The 1071 fish examined had an approximate ocean residence time no longer than 3 months. A high prevalence of degenerative liver lesions, renal myxosporean parasites and a low prevalence of skin lesions and sea lice were observed. No indications of viral or bacterial diseases were detected in either year. The monthly prevalence of sea lice in 2007 (18-51%) was higher than in 2008 (1-26%), and the infestation density exceeded the lethal threshold in only two fish. Degenerative hepatic lesions and renal myxosporean parasites occurred in approximately 40% of the pink salmon examined in June of both years, and the peak monthly prevalence of hepatocellular hydropic degeneration was greater in 2007 (32%, in May) than in 2008 (12%, in June). Logistic regression analysis found skin lesions and hepatocellular hydropic degeneration significantly associated with sea lice. Most parasites and lesions occurred during both years, but the prevalence was often higher in 2007. Fish weight was 35% less in June 2007 than in June 2008, but condition factor was not different. Further research is required to monitor inter-annual variations and aetiology of the liver lesions and to assess their potential role on pink salmon survival.     

Histology and growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to increasing dietary concentration of sparteine,a common alkaloid in lupins

This study evaluated the effects of sparteine, a lupin alkaloid, on growth and organ histology in rainbow trout. Eight diets with increasing concentrations of sparteine (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 mg kg^?1) were fed to triplicate groups of 61‐g fish for 62 days. Survival was not affected by the dietary treatments. Weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and feed intake decreased in a quadratic manner for sparteine levels above 100 mg kg^?1. No effects were observed at inclusion levels ≤100 mg kg^?1. Whole‐body lipid and dry matter was depleted in a quadratic manner, while protein and ash were not affected. No tissue alteration attributable to sparteine alkaloid intake was found in liver, kidney, spleen or mid and distal intestines. At sparteine levels above 1000 mg kg^?1 of diet, the weight of the intestines and the liver relative to body weight decreased, whereas the weight of the spleen increased. These effects were likely associated with low feed intake and starvation. These results indicate that dietary sparteine alkaloid primarily reduced palatability, but did not impair the health of the fish. The level of sparteine should be kept below 100 mg kg^?1 in trout diets to ensure rapid growth.     

斑鳢嗜水气单胞菌病病原的鉴定及其病理组织学的研究

从患病斑鳢Channamaculata体内分离到一株细菌（FS20100810）,经人工感染试验证实为该病的病原菌。该菌株兼性厌氧,为革兰氏阴性杆菌,能运动,无芽孢,无荚膜,能发酵葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇、七叶苷,氧化酶反应、接触酶反应、吲哚试验和M．R．试验均为阳性。该菌株对斑鳢的半致死浓度为6．83×10^5cfu／mL。16SrRNA基因序列与嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonashydrophila的同源性为99．6％。药敏试验结果显示,该菌株对氧氟沙星、菌必治、先锋噻肟等抗生素敏感,对复方新诺明等中度敏感,对苯唑青霉素、青霉素G、氨苄青霉素耐药。通过对人工感染的斑鳢进行组织切片观察,发现病鱼的鳃、心肌、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、肠道等器官组织均有明显的病理变化。     

REV与ALV-J共感染对肉鸡T淋巴细胞免疫功能与组织病理学的影响

 【目的】研究致瘤性病毒REV、ALV-J单一感染和共感染肉鸡后血液和脾T淋巴细胞的免疫功能与脾组织病理学的变化。【方法】用一定剂量的REV和ALV-J单一感染及共感染1日龄肉鸡,取感染后不同日龄鸡的血液和脾组织,无菌分离淋巴细胞,用3H-TdR掺入法和MTT法分别检测T淋巴细胞增殖活性和细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTL)的杀伤活性,并对脾脏进行组织切片、H.E染色检测组织病理学变化,通过免疫荧光抗体结合试验(immunofluorescence assay,IFA)分析组织病毒感染量变化。【结果】感染REV和ALV-J的肉鸡血液和脾T淋巴细胞的增值活性和CTL杀伤活性在整个感染监测期出现降低,单一感染比,共感染两种病毒的肉鸡在某些阶段出现T淋巴细胞免疫功能抑制加重;检测感染后17 d和37 d的脾脏组织病理学变化表明感染病毒的脾脏组织出现间质稀疏,淋巴细胞数量减少,生发层被破坏或减少,17 d较37 d出现病理变化更为明显;同时采用荧光标记的单克隆抗体进行IFA检测发现脾内淋巴细胞含有大量病毒粒子,在共感染两种病毒的肉鸡脾细胞内均检测出两种病毒,且含有病毒数量明显多于单一感染一种病毒的肉鸡。【结论】REV和ALV-J共感染后肉鸡T淋巴细胞功能抑制更为严重,这可能与两种病毒在肉鸡体内数量积聚增加、互为促进有重要关系;同时这两种病毒感染后造成T免疫细胞增殖活性和对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性降低,可能是病毒持续感染、增殖及组织病变、产生肿瘤细胞的前提,本研究为家禽临床生产中防治REV和ALV-J感染提供免疫学基础。     

Symptoms and histopathological study of Anoplophora glabripennis larvae infected with Metarhizium (Metsch.) Sorokin MS01

Some changes in color and morphology of Anoplophora glabripennis larvae were observed when infected with Metarhizium (Metsch.) Sorokin MS01. Paraffin sections show the spores of MS01 attached to the cuticle of A. glabripennis larvae at 24 h post inoculation (hpi). At 36 hpi, the conidium germinated and penetrated through the cuticle. After 48 h of inoculation, the endocuticle was disintegrated and the germ tubes passed through the epithelial layers into the hemocoel and multiplied, and then invaded the tissues near the penetration point, such as the fat body, muscle, tracheal tissue, malpighian tubule, alimentary canal, etc. The infected larvae were dead and most tissues and organs were infected and disintegrated with the multiplication of the mycelium for 3 days. The hyphae emerged through the cuticle and formed a hyphal layer on the surface of the dead insect and the conidium emerged five days after inoculation.     

Histopathology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and oxalic acid function in susceptible and resistant soybean

The success of the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is largely dependent on its major virulence factor, oxalic acid (OA). Virulence is lost in transgenic plants that express OA degrading enzymes, e.g. oxalate oxidase (OxO). The histopathology of S. sclerotiorum infection and OA accumulation was examined in a transgenic soybean line over‐expressing OxO (OxO‐OE) and its isogenic parent (WT). In situ flower inoculation showed that the OxO‐OE plants were highly resistant to the pathogen while the WT parents were susceptible. This difference in resistance was not apparent in the floral tissues, as aggressive hyphal activity was similar on both hosts, showing that high OxO activity and low OA accumulation in OxO‐OE was not a deterrent. However, the process of fungal infection on excised leaf tissue differed on the two hosts. Primary lesions developed and showed similar severe ultrastructural damage on both hosts but rapid lesion expansion (colonization) proceeded only on the WT, concomitant with OA accumulation. Oxalic acid rose in OxO‐OE 1 day post‐inoculation and did not change over the following 3 days, showing that colonization can be blocked by maintaining low levels of OA. However, OxO degradation of OA did not deter initial host penetration and primary lesion formation. This shows that OA, the major virulence factor of S. sclerotiorum, is critical for host colonization but may not be required during primary lesion formation, suggesting that other factors are contributing to the establishment of the primary lesion.     

梅下毛瘿螨为害对杏树幼芽结构和生理的影响

 针对梅下毛瘿螨[Acalitus phloeocoptes（Nalepa）]为害造成的杏芽瘿进行了田间调查和室内研究。用石蜡切片法对受害芽组织形态进行了观察描述,采用蒽酮比色法、考马斯亮蓝G-250法及紫外分光光度法对受害芽可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、过氧化氢酶活性等进行了测定。结果表明：在所调查杏树栽培品种中杏芽瘿普遍发生,10个品种,在甘肃省兰州市秦王川地区发生最严重时病情指数为48。梅下毛瘿螨主要侵染杏树幼芽,受害芽增生畸变,形成大小不等的刺状瘿瘤。瘿瘤切片观察结果表明：受害芽解剖结构发生了明显变化,芽轴自下而上膨大,木质化程度由内向外逐渐加剧,外侧幼叶木质化程度高,尤其是靠近芽轴的基部已完全木质化并且明显增厚,叶片外张,内层幼叶外露;幼叶表皮细胞大小不一49.85%,受害芽的可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸和游离脯氨酸含量均升高,最高分别上升9.85%、96.87%和69.44%,过氧化氢酶活性亦增加,最高增加106.82%。 ,表皮显著增厚并且完全木质化,叶肉细胞排列乱而松弛,后期解体。受害芽与正常芽相比可溶性糖含量下降,最大降幅为包括意大利杏、双仁杏、金太阳等