中国牛亚科6个物种MSTN基因外显子2多态性及分化研究

采用PCR扩增了6个中国牛种共101个样本的MSTN基因外显子2的编码区,序列分析显示,MSTN基因外显子2编码区含372个碱基对,在所检测样本中,存在10个核苷酸多态位点,定义了7种单倍型,雷琼牛、蒙古牛、独龙牛与巴音郭楞牦牛享有共同的单倍型;MSNT基因外显子2在6个牛种中多态性较丰富。结果表明:两水牛与牛属群体间分化明显;牛属群体中牦牛独自聚成一类;大额牛存在一个独立分支;雷琼牛与一部分独龙牛、大部分蒙古牛和瘤牛聚成一支,说明蒙古牛、雷琼牛、独龙牛种间存在着基因交流。牦牛与普通牛、瘤牛的分化较明显,亲缘关系较远;研究证实了水牛的属分类地位,一定程度上支持牦牛及大额牛划为牛亚科中单独的一个属。     

Multiple introductions are responsible for the disjunct distributions of invasive Parthenium hysterophorus in China: evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA

Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed native to tropical and subtropical America. Since its introduction into China in 1926, this weed has been limited to southern areas (18°–25°N). However, new populations were recently reported in Shandong (35°N). The origin of this geographically isolated population remains unclear. In this study, we used inter simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA sequence markers ( trnQ-5'rps16 ) to investigate the genetic structure of 18 invading populations of P. hysterophorus and to examine the genetic relationship of Shandong and southern populations. Our data show that Shandong population is genetically different and has apparently higher levels of genetic diversity than most populations in southern China. Both neighbour-joining clustering and principal coordination analysis clearly separated Shandong from other populations. Chloroplast DNA sequence analysis further confirmed that the Shandong population was characterised by a unique haplotype that was not found in southern populations. We conclude that the population in Shandong may have been independently introduced from areas outside China. As P. hysterophorus has a broad potential distribution in China, attention should be paid to both international and domestic quarantine to prevent new introductions and curtail the possible hybridisation and gene flow between populations in different regions.     

东亚4个黑山羊群体mtDNA D-环遗传多样性及其起源

为了研究地方山羊品种的起源与分化,了解其遗传背景,为山羊资源的合理利用提供基础资料,利用PCR产物直接测序法对3个中国黑山羊群体和1个韩国黑山羊群体共39个个体的mtDNAD-环部分序列进行了测定和分析。测定的序列经排列比对后选取441bp分析,发现了55个多态位点,单一多态位点11个,简约信息位点44个,确定了29种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.984。构建系统发育树将29种单倍型分成了明显的3个分支,角猾羊聚入A分支。同时利用群体间的单倍型的错配分布和遗传距离分析了各群体的亲缘关系。结果表明:4个黑山羊群体遗传多样性丰富,至少拥有3个不同的母系起源,角猾羊是家山羊的一个母系祖先。     

Effect of VRN‐1 and PPD‐D1 genes on heading time in European bread wheat cultivars

The variation of the vernalization (VRN‐1) and photoperiod (PPD‐1) genes offers opportunities to adjust heading time and to maximize yield in crop species. The effect of these genes on heading time was studied based on a set of 245 predominantly spring cultivars of bread wheat from the main eco‐geographical regions of Europe. The genotypes were screened using previously published diagnostic molecular markers for detecting the dominant or recessive alleles of the major VRN‐1 loci such as: VRN‐A1, VRN‐B1, VRN‐D1 as well as PPD‐D1. We found that 91% of spring wheat cultivars contain the photoperiod sensitive PPD‐D1b allele. Photoperiod insensitive PPD‐D1a allele has been found mainly in southern region of Europe. For this region the monogenic control of vernalization by VRN‐B1 or VRN‐D1 dominant alleles is common, whereas in the remaining part of Europe, the combination of photoperiod sensitive PPD‐D1b allele with dominant VRN‐A1, VRN‐B1 and recessive vrn‐D1 alleles represents the most frequent genotype. Also, we revealed a significantly later (5–8 days) heading of the monogenically dominant genotypes at VRN‐B1 as compared to the digenic VRN‐A1 VRN‐B1 genotypes.     

Genetic diversity of resistance genes controlling fusarium head blight with simple sequence repeat markers in thirty-six wheat accessions from east asian origin

Summary Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious disease of wheat worldwide that may cause substantial yield and quality losses. Breeding for FHB-resistant cultivars is the most cost-effective approach to control FHB. The objective of the present study was to determine the relationship of resistance between new resistant sources and Sumai 3 using five simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers closely linked to the major QTL for FHB resistance on chromosome arms 3BS and 6BS. All five SSR markers were highly polymorphic between Sumai 3 (and its derivatives) and susceptible Canadian wheat lines. Most of the Sumai 3-derived Chinese wheat accessions and three Canadian FHB-resistant lines had all the Sumai 3 SSR marker alleles on chromosome arms 3BS and 6BS. The Chinese landrace Wangshuibai and two Japanese accessions Nobeokabozu and Nyu Bai had the same banding patterns as Sumai 3 for all five SSR marker alleles, and another Chinese landrace Fangshanmai had three of the five SSR markers in common with Sumai 3, and therefore most likely carries the same QTL as Sumai 3 on 3BS and 6BS. The Brazilian cultivar Frontana had no alleles in common with Sumai 3 on either QTL, and the Chinese landrace Hongheshang had only one of the five SSR markers in common with Sumai 3, therefore likely carrying resistance genes different from Sumai 3. The Italian cultivar Funo is not the donor of either the 3BS QTL or 6BS QTL. All five SSR seem to be effective candidates for marker-assisted selection to increase the level of resistance to FHB in wheat breeding programs.     

Population genetic structure and diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa) in Bulgaria,revealed by mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses

The East Balkan Swine (EBS) is the only indigenous pig breed in Bulgaria. We analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 21 microsatellite loci for 198 individuals from 11 farms in Bulgaria. Obtained 11 mtDNA haplotypes including three novel ones were grouped to two major clades, European clade E1 (146/198 individuals, 73.7%) and Asian clade A (52/198, 26.3%). The mixture of the two clades may have resulted from historical crossbreeding between the European and Asian pig breeds. Clade A was frequent in southeastern Bulgaria (Burgas Province), but less frequent or absent in northeastern Bulgaria (Varna and Shumen Provinces). The distribution of Europe- and Asia-specific haplotypes relative to EBS farm locations could be attributed to regional differences of breeding systems (e.g., crossbreeding with imported commercial pigs). A microsatellite analysis showed high heterozygosities for all the EBS farms, and negative inbreeding coefficients presumably due to crossing with commercial pigs or wild boars and/or efforts to reduce inbreeding by farmers. Bayesian clustering analyses showed that all farm populations are genetically well distinguishable from one another. Although diversity has been maintained by the efforts of farmers and a breeding association, the effective population size remains small, and conservation efforts should be continued.     

玉米开花期转录因子候选基因的关联分析

【目的】生育期相关性状是玉米育种研究的重点之一。作为重要的生育期性状,开花期（抽穗期、吐丝期和散粉期）的提前,可保证玉米充分脱水,适宜机收;也为中国黄淮海地区小麦-玉米一年两熟耕作模式下的小麦播种减轻压力。转录因子是转录水平基因表达调控的重要上游因子,对目标基因发挥转录激活或转录抑制的作用。在全基因组水平上解析转录因子对玉米开花期的调控作用,获得开花期提前且不影响产量的玉米转录因子单倍型组合,进而挖掘优异种质资源,可为培育开花期适宜的玉米育种研究提供基因资源。【方法】使用候选基因关联分析方法,对开花期相关转录因子及显著SNP进行分析;并利用DAP-seq技术捕获了关键转录因子的结合位点和下游基因;随后对转录因子调控的下游基因进行GO分析,探究转录因子通过影响其下游基因对开花期进行调控的基因网络。【结果】玉米开花期3种性状（吐丝期、散粉期、抽穗期）中,与吐丝期和抽穗期性状以及吐丝期和散粉期性状同时关联的转录因子显著SNP均为75个,与抽穗期和散粉期性状同时关联的显著SNP为128个,同时关联到3种表型的显著SNP为58个。表明开花期3种性状可能受相同的转录因子调控。选取含有3个及以上开花期相关显著SNP的转录因子基因,通过DAP-seq,捕获了这些转录因子结合的关键基序及调控的下游基因。转录因子结合的下游基因显著富集于转录因子活性、DNA结合、RNA结合、有机氮化合物的合成代谢过程、与生殖有关的发育过程等;不同的转录因子存在共同调控的下游基因,生育期相关性状关键调控性转录因子为ARF、MYB和NAC。对关键上游转录因子进行单倍型分析,发掘了玉米生育期提前,同时对产量无负向影响的转录因子最优单倍型组合。【结论】运用DAP-seq技术并结合前人研究绘制了全基因组水平上转录因子对生育期相关农艺性状的调控网络,并发掘了既提前玉米生育期又对产量无负向影响的转录因子最优单倍型组合。     

Association of three beta-defensin gene (AvBD4, AvBD5, AvBD14) polymorphisms with carrier-state susceptibility to salmonella in chickens

ABSTRACT

1. Chicken salmonellosis is a common zoonotic infectious disease transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Avian beta-defensins (gallinacins) play an important role in the innate defence of the host and provide broad-spectrum immunity against multiple pathogens.

2. To detect the relationship between immune genes and salmonella carrier status and susceptibility to salmonellosis in chickens, polymorphisms with carrier-state susceptibility to salmonella and, hence, developing salmonellosis, were investigated in three avian beta-defensin genes (AvBD4, AvBD5, and AvBD14) in a Chinese local chicken breed, based on a case-control study.

3. Fifteen, twenty and nineteen SNPs were found in AvBD4, AvBD5 and AvBD14, respectively. Among the 54 total SNPs, four resulted in non-synonymous substitution of amino acid changes. Five SNPs in AvBD5 and four SNPs in AvBD14 were significantly associated with salmonellosis susceptibility (P < 0.05). Using the PHASE program, thirteen, ten and twelve major haplotypes were constructed in AvBD4, AvBD5 and AvBD14. Logistic regression analysis revealed that five haplotypes in AvBD5 and six haplotypes in AvBD14 were significantly associated with salmonellosis susceptibility, but no significant haplotype in AvBD4 was detected. A total of six strongly susceptible haplotypes with odds ratio (OR) values greater than 2.0 and four strongly resistant haplotypes with OR value less than 0.5 were revealed in the three genes examined.

4. These results suggested that the AvBD5 and AvBD14 genes may play an important role in the susceptibility to salmonellosis in chickens.     

中国荷斯坦牛CXCR1基因第二外显子新SNPs与乳腺炎的关联分析

通过研究中国荷斯坦牛趋化因子受体1(Chemokine(C-X-C motif)receptor1,CXCR1)基因多态性与乳腺炎间的相关性,找到对乳腺炎性状有显著影响的基因型和单倍型组合,为从遗传角度上解决奶牛乳腺炎问题提供参考。采用巢氏PCR、DNA测序和CRS-PCR-RFLP方法,对中国荷斯坦牛的CXCR1外显子2进行遗传多态性研究,分别利用SHEsis软件和PHASE软件进行配对连锁不平衡分析和单倍型分析。结果表明,找到了4个新SNPs,分别为291(C/T)、333(C/T)、337(A/G)和365(C/T)。各SNPs与中国荷斯坦牛体细胞评分(SCS)和产奶量的关联分析表明:337(A/G)和365(C/T)位点的等位基因G、C均为低SCS、高产奶量的优秀等位基因;另外,H3 H7(CCCTGGCC)单倍型杂合个体为低SCS、高产奶量的优秀单倍型组合。CXCR1基因的单倍型H3 H7(CCCTGGCC)在SCS和产奶量方面是优良的单倍型,可作为选择抗乳腺炎的分子标记。     

Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Latreille, 1802) populations reveal genetic break in Strait of Malacca,with connectivity along southern coasts of Peninsular Malaysia

1. The mangrove horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, has divergent populations between the east and west coasts of Peninsular Malaysia, with the southern coast acting as a land barrier. The actual position of such a genetic break along Peninsular Malaysia as well as the connectivity status of the southernmost C. rotundicauda populations with east and west coast populations remain unexplored, however.
2. The aim was to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of C. rotundicauda populations from the west (Kuala Sepetang in State Perak), east (Balok in State Pahang), and southern (Pendas in State Johor) coasts of Peninsular Malaysia. Haemolymph samples from adult C. rotundicauda specimens (n = 152) and eggs from their freshly deposited nests (n = 190) were collected monthly (from January 2016 to January 2017) for the sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI).
3. Gene isolates of C. rotundicauda from the present study were compared with National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank sequences to cover most of the range of the species in Asia. A neighbour-joining tree strongly supported two clades, separating the west-coast populations from the south- and east-coast populations, with further substructure patterns.
4. Both haplotype network and barrier analyses revealed a genetic break within the Strait of Malacca instead of the southern tip of Peninsular Malaysia. The southernmost samples from the Strait of Johor formed a haplotypic diverse gene pool that appeared only as a subclade of the eastern populations. In a detailed haplotype network of 347 individuals, individuals with similar COI sequences indicate connectivity between C. rotundicauda on the east and C. rotundicauda on south and south west of Peninsular Malaysia.
5. Overall, the genetic break between C. rotundicauda populations is better explained by the convergent ocean currents and available mangrove habitats on the west coast (i.e. Strait of Malacca), rather than the point of the Malay Peninsula acting as a land barrier alone.