Essay of Different Extraction Procedures in Capelin Fish Meal for Biogenic Amine Determination by HPLC

This study assesses the effects of different extraction procedures of biogenic amines in capelin fish meal with different concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for their determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). No significant differences were noted between the use of TCA at 7.5 and 10% for the extraction of biogenic amines in E1 and E3 extraction, except for tyramine. The extraction using 7.5% TCA in one step and centrifugation (E1) was a simple and rapid method. This extraction seems to be the most suitable for the extraction of amines in these kinds of samples, compared to the other methods tested. The biogenic amine that presented the highest levels in the fish meal studied was cadaverine (208–226 mg/kg), followed by putrescine and histamine (164–173 and 44–46 mg/kg, respectively). Biogenic amine levels were low when compared to the toxic levels observed in these kinds of products.     

Quality Indices of Cooked Southern King Crab (Lithodes santolla Molina, 1782) Meat During Storage at 0 and −20°C

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to determine the changes in quality of cooked southern king crab (Lithodes santolla) meat during storage at 0°C for 5 and 10 days and ?20°C for 10, 30, 60, and 90 days. Chemical indices varied from the initial to the final storage time in refrigerated and frozen samples as follows: TVB-N, 15.8–29.2 and 15.8–23.2 mg/100 g; TMA, 0.0–8.3 and 0.0–1.2 mg/100 g; formaldehyde, 0.5–8.6 and 0.5–3.7 mg/kg; indole, 3.3–20.7 and 3.3–6.6 µg/100 g; lactic acid, 16.4–39.1 and 16.4–16.6 mg/100 g; and P ratio, 0–28.4 and 0–5.2%, respectively. The total nucleotide content rendered 6.77 µmol/g, with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) the main component. The nucleotide indices varied in refrigerated and frozen samples as follows: K, 7.37–27.5 and 7.37–10.3%; Ki, 58.3–86.5 and 58.3–82.7%; H, 30.2–54.9 and 30.2–38.0%; G, 19.4–57.8 and 19.4–15.8%; P, 17.2–42.3 and 17.2–14.7%; and Fr, 41.6–13.4 and 41.6–17.3%, respectively. Biogenic amines found at both storage temperatures were spermine, spermidine, tyramine, and agmatine. Spermine may be considered as a potential freshness index for refrigerated samples and spermidine for frozen storage. The tyramine level should be monitored. During the storage period tested, none of the chemical indices studied exceeded the legal limits.     

Broad_scale,dense amphipod tube aggregations on the sea bed: implications for resource species that utilize benthic habitats

During a research cruise to Georges Bank in 1999 to study the areas closed to fishing, broad areas of the sea floor (3000_km²) were found to have a high percentage cover of emergent invertebrate tubes. Most of these tubes were attributable to the tubicolous epifaunal amphipod, Ericthonius rubricornis. Our data show the spatial extent that dense clumps of amphipod tubes could cover the sea floor on Georges Bank. When some of the same sites were sampled 1_yr later, in June 2000, the percent cover of the tube clumps on the sea floor was significantly reduced. Biogenic structures, such as invertebrate tubes, are important features of benthic habitats and may provide protection for juvenile fish and invertebrate resource species. Our observations reiterate that biogenic habitat characteristics are not spatially and temporally stable and this needs to be recognized by fisheries managers when managing the living marine resources that utilize these habitats.     

四种生物源农药对葡萄斑叶蝉的药效评价

[目的]葡萄斑叶蝉是新疆葡萄生产上的重要害虫,以成、若虫群集于葡萄叶的背面,吸食汁液,使叶片正面呈现白色斑点,虫口密度大时整株叶片变为黄白色、焦枯并提前脱落严重影响葡萄产量和果实品质.结合新疆生产实际,筛选对葡萄斑叶蝉防效较好的生物源农药,为安全、高效治理葡萄斑叶蝉提供科学依据.[方法]选择四种生物药剂进行田间防治葡萄斑叶蝉的药效试验及评价.[结果]四种生物源农药对葡萄斑叶蝉防效顺序是0.3;印楝素乳油500倍最好,其次是艾绿士60 g/L悬浮剂(乙基多杀菌素)和云菊5;天然除虫菊素乳油,药剂持效期为7～9d.云菊5;天然除虫菊素乳油(1 200倍)、艾绿士60 g/L悬浮剂(乙基多杀菌素4 000倍)防治葡萄斑叶蝉具有较好的速效性和持效性,5d后的防效仍保持在64;～80;.[结论]四种生物源农药表现出了不同的速效性及持效性,可作为化学农药的替代产品,交替使用.     

常见水产品中生物胺的调查及分析

为研究不同水产品中生物胺的产生情况,利用高效液相色谱-柱后衍生-荧光检测技术对蓝点马鲛、黄鳍金枪鱼、银鲑、牙鲆、中国明对虾、鹰爪虾、中华绒螯蟹、杂色蛤、杂色鲍中的7种生物胺含量进行调查与分析。试验结果表明,鲜活水产品中几乎不含生物胺,或仅含少量的精胺、亚精胺;腐败水产品中检出大量的生物胺,其中蓝点马鲛、黄鳍金枪鱼、银鲑、牙鲆中的组胺含量分别为422.57、640.00、309.63、151.86mg/kg,而虾、蟹、贝类等无脊椎动物几乎不产生组胺。不同水产品在腐败过程中产生的生物胺种类、含量、比例不同。生物胺总量可作为水产品腐败变质程度的指标。     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时测定鱼类加工品中12种杂环胺类化合物

建立了超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时测定鱼类加工品中12种杂环胺类化合物（HAAs）的分析方法。经过条件优化,肉样选用乙酸乙酯、氨水和三乙胺提取,提取液经MCX固相萃取小柱净化,按V（甲醇）∶V（氨水）=9∶1洗脱,采用Thermo Hypersil Gold C18色谱柱,以甲醇和5 mmol.L-1乙酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离,电喷雾离子源（ESI）,正离子模式,采用选择反应监测（SRM）扫描模式,内标法进行定量分析。结果表明,12种HAAs在1.0～100.0μg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R〉0.99,在12 min内实现分离,3个加标水平的平均回收率为42.98%～125.00%（n=6）,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.49%～9.88%,检测限（LOD）为0.3～1.0μg.kg-1。该方法简便快捷,准确度高,易推广应用,可作为快速测定鱼类加工品中多种HAAs的有效方法。     

以离子液体为介质生物胺的液相色谱测定

[目的]寻求一种快速、简单、易推广的检测方法来测定食品和饮料中生物胺的含量。[方法]以丹磺酰氯为衍生剂,室温离子液体作为萃取、富集、衍生介质来测定食品和饮料中生物胺的含量。[结果]测定的过程包括柱前工作和色谱分离两部分,得出比较理想的衍生条件：丹磺酰氯溶液1.5ml,pH9.10缓冲液2.0ml,室温离子液体1.0ml,置于超声清洗器中超声30 min;超声后提取离子液注入HPLC,用UV检测仪（λ=254.16nm）可以使6种生物胺在30min内被分离出来。该方法将衍生、萃取和富集3个步骤集于一体,大大地简化了试验,离子液体可以有效地促进分离,稳定性良好,且所建立的方法线性范围良好。[结论]测定食品和饮料中生物胺的含量,以丹磺酰氯为衍生剂,室温离子液体作为萃取、富集、衍生介质是一种快速、简单、易推广的检测方法。     

两种常见淡水鱼在高温储存过程中挥发性盐基总氮和生物胺的含量变化

实验检测了条和红鳍红鲌在30℃下贮存48 h内每隔6 h的挥发性盐基总氮(TVBN)和9种生物胺(尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪胺、5-羟色胺、亚精胺、精胺、多巴胺和章鱼胺)含量的变化,并对TVBN和生物胺含量与时间的相关性进行分析,以期为淡水水产品类饵料安全投喂和人类食品安全提供基础资料。结果显示,两种鱼在相同贮存条件下TVBN和生物胺含量均存在一定差异。其中,TVBN含量均随着贮存时间的延长而逐渐增加且与时间存在明显的相关性。红鳍红鲌除在42 h时TVBN含量低于■条外,其他时间均高于■条。在30℃贮存下,■条和红鳍红鲌的TVBN含量均在12 h时超过30 mg/100 g,因此,这两种鱼在12 h后不推荐食用。尸胺、腐胺、酪胺和组胺是这两种鱼主要的生物胺类型,且有随贮存时间延长含量显著增高的趋势,并与时间呈显著性相关,可推荐用于评价此两种水产品食用安全的生物胺类型。除此之外,在可测到的生物胺中,红鳍红鲌的尸胺和组胺含量明显高于■条,且红鳍红鲌体内的5-羟色胺与时间也呈显著性相关。     

化学减菌处理对冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜效果

 【目的】探讨不同化学保鲜剂对鸡胸肉冷藏过程中微生物生长水平和生物胺生成量的影响,评价其减菌效果及应用的安全性。【方法】使用一定浓度的化学减菌液（磷酸钠、酸化亚氯酸钠、柠檬酸、乳酸）对分割后鸡胸肉进行浸蘸处理,分别应用固体平板计数法和反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）方法,测定其在（4±1）℃冷藏过程中的微生物指标及生物胺（酪胺、组胺、腐胺,尸胺、亚精胺、精胺）含量,以及其它理化指标的变化,以考察其对冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜效果。【结果】在冷藏初期,各组间微生物数量和生物胺含量差异不大。随着冷藏时间增加,各组微生物数量和生物胺含量均有不同程度上升,且各组间差异也逐渐增大。到第9天时,处理组微生物污染水平和生物胺含量显著低于对照组。其中以乳酸处理和柠檬酸处理组效果最好,细菌总数、大肠菌群数、假单胞菌数均比对照组降低2.0 log CFU?g-1以上。在整个冷藏过程中乳酸处理组、柠檬酸处理组,腐胺和尸胺含量始终低于30 mg?kg-1,没有检出组胺。各处理组最终颜色、TVB-N值、pH的变化与微生物生长、生物胺含量间也呈现出一定的相关性。【结论】使用减菌液,尤其是乳酸和柠檬酸处理,对于降低分割鸡肉微生物污染水平具有明显效果,能显著延长冰鲜鸡肉货架期,同时还能显著抑制有害生物胺的产生,延缓腐败感官特征的产生,提高冰鲜鸡肉产品的食用安全性。     

干酪中的生物胺

主要就生物胺的生理作用、形成机制,干酪中生物胺的形成以及主要的影响因素进行了论述,同时对生物胺的检测方法以及降低干酪中生物胺含量应采取的措施作了简要介绍。