Herbaceous plants as part of biological filter for aquaponics system

Aquaponics is a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), where plants and aquatic animals are grown using the same water. In these systems, plants act as part of biological filters. The cultivation of O. basilicum, Menta x piperita and M. spicata is commonly integrated to the production of O. niloticus in aquaponics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of these herbs as part of biological filters for tilapia intensive production in aquaponics. Various physicochemical parameters were evaluated as water quality indicators. N and P content in the different elements of the system were also measured. Results showed that for tilapia growing the three herbaceous evaluated could be used as part of the biological filters in aquaponics, because they remove significant concentration in nitrogen compounds and phosphates; however, there were no differences among species. There was a positive relationship between the time and the levels of NH₄ and therefore NO₃^? in the water. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen were kept at appropriate ranges for tilapia. The electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were in suitable levels for growing herbaceous, which adapted to flooded substrates, with water constantly moving and high concentration of dissolved oxygen. A key parameter to consider is the oxygen concentration in water when herbaceous is used in aquaponics, due to the high input of this element for these species need, especially basil. Tilapia largely incorporated N and P entering the system.     

铁元素调控的鱼菜共生系统氮和总磷的变化规律

本文研究了在鱼菜共生系统中投喂含不同浓度铁元素的饲料对水体氮、总磷的控制作用。实验共设置5个处理组和1个对照组,铁浓度分别为0mg/kg,10mg/kg,20mg/kg,40mg/kg和80mg/kg,对照组使用饲料与0mg/kg组一致,不种植蔬菜。实验证明该系统对水体产生明显的净化作用;在脱氮除磷方面也效果显著:鱼菜共生系统能够增加水体的溶氧,使水体pH值保持在正常范围,同时显著降低氨氮浓度,提高了硝态氮浓度,并使亚硝态氮浓度最终维持在较低水平;在总磷方面,总磷在水体中的分布浓度同鱼体生长情况相关性显著,同对照组相比,该系统可以将总磷降低20%左右。鱼菜共生系统为池塘养殖提供了处理水产养殖废水的新途径,是未来生态农业的新方向。     

种植密度对鱼菜共生系统氮素转化的影响

为评估不同植物密度对鱼菜共生系统氮素转化的影响,在试验温室内搭建了基于营养液膜(nutrient film technique,NFT)栽培的鱼菜共生系统。养殖水量350L,养殖密度10 kg/m~3;栽培面积1.0 m~2,栽培密度60、45和30株/m~2。考察了系统33d运行期间的水质情况和鱼菜生长情况,探讨了投入氮素的转化情况以及时间和植物密度对氮化合物质量浓度的影响情况。结果表明:试验期间,不同植物密度系统的水质适合鱼菜生长,鱼类和蔬菜主要生物学特性指标有不同程度的增长。氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮质量浓度随时间变化显著(P0.01);不同植物密度系统的硝酸盐氮质量浓度存在显著差异(P=0.028),植物密度为45株/m~2的系统具有较高的硝酸盐氮积累优势。系统运行后期,氮化合物质量浓度基本稳定,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮质量浓度分别为2.50、0.20和5.00 mg/L左右。49.32%～68.41%投入饲料的氮素积累在鱼菜生物体内,与普通水产养殖和NFT栽培相比,鱼、菜含氮量均不具优势。可通过扩大栽培面积、配备生物滤池、调整栽培模式等方法加强氮素转化。综上,试验系统的优势栽培密度为45株/m~2,应结合其他措施提升氮素转化效果。     

Comparison of Four Artificial Light Technologies for Indoor Aquaponic Production of Swiss Chard,Beta vulgaris,and Kale,Brassica oleracea

To date, most aquaponic research has been conducted outdoors in tropical climates or in greenhouses in subtropical climates. For more northerly latitudes, aquaponic production will require supplemental light in greenhouses or insulated buildings. Two separate 3‐wk growth trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of four different lighting technologies on the growth of Swiss chard, Beta vulgaris (Trial 1) and kale, Brassica oleracea (Trial 2) in aquaponic systems. Light technologies evaluated included fluorescent (FLO), metal halide (MH), induction (IND), and light‐emitting diode (LED). Four 1175‐L systems were used with all four light types represented in each system in a complete block design. Juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (241 g) were stocked in each system and fed a floating 32% protein diet at a rate of 60 g/m² of plant grow space per day. In Trial 1, Swiss chard plants grown under LED lights for 3 wk achieved significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (117.7 g), higher production per unit of area (3535 g/m²), and higher production per unit of energy (32.3 g/m²/kwh) than Swiss chard grown under the other three light types, which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from each other. In Trial 2, kale grown under LED lights achieved significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (102.9 g), higher production per unit of area (2136.6 g/m), and higher production per unit of energy (381.5 g/m²/kwh) than kale grown under the other three light types, which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The results of the two trials are in agreement and indicate that LED lights were superior to MH, FLO, and IND lights in terms of absolute plant growth as well as growth per unit of energy consumed.     

不同生长阶段的芹菜与生菜的净水能力比较

本研究旨在选择具有高效净水能力并适合鱼菜共生系统的经济植物,以期为提高系统的环境净化能力奠定基础。建设了浮阀型鱼菜共生系统,以不同大小的芹菜、生菜、罗非鱼为实验材料,考查了36天的水质变化情况。长期（36天）试验结果显示,小芹菜系统的含氮污染物的最高值均较生菜及大芹菜低,且最早达到稳定状态;而总磷变化趋势三者相近。短期(24 h)静态试验结果显示,小芹菜的TAN、NO₂-N及NO₃-N去除率最强,分别为39.85%、26.33%及61.11%;生菜次之,分别为30.79%、17.15%及35.90%;大芹菜最弱,分别为17.76%、12.93%及24.66%;然而,TP检测结果显示,生菜对磷的去除率为62.9%,显著高于小芹菜的44.79%及大芹菜的14.60%。综合以上结论得出,小芹菜、大芹菜和生菜中,小芹菜的除氮能力最强,生菜的除磷能力最强。     

现代鱼菜共生技术研究进展与展望

传统水产养殖业大量消耗水资源与营养要素，容易导致水环境遭受严重污染。发展新技术合理利用自然资源，尽量减小对环境的负面影响，才能有望实现水产养殖业健康可持续性发展。现代鱼菜共生技术集循环水养殖和水耕栽培技术于一体，利用养殖废水中的氨氮作为水耕栽培作物的营养物质，达到养殖废水处理和水耕作物生长的双重目的，在渔业和农业产量方面获得双赢，是现代农业技术创新之典范。本文围绕鱼菜共生技术在世界范围内的发展历史、分布现状、系统组成要素及关键技术参数展开论述，并对未来鱼菜共生技术的研究方向做出展望。     

鱼菜共生水体溶解氧时空变化规律及其影响因素研究

为明确鱼菜共生系统中水体溶解氧分布特征，采用室内搭建的鱼菜共生系统，利用多点采样装置以及物联网传感系统对系统中水质参数、气象数据和生物量信息进行提取，通过相关性分析对该鱼菜共生系统中溶解氧时空变化规律以及光照强度与喂食量对其时空变化的影响进行了研究。结果表明，溶解氧在鱼池中随垂直深度增加而减小，相关系数范围为-0.9～-0.7时，鱼池溶解氧空间变化量与喂食量呈显著线性关系，相关系数为0.9294，方差分析中F值为126.94。溶解氧在水培槽中随水平距离增加而减小，相关性范围为-0.9～-0.8时，水培槽溶解氧空间变化量与光照强度呈显著线性关系，相关系数为0.8158，方差分析中F值为39.7954。溶解氧日变化受到各环节空间变化影响，白天波动下降，夜间平缓上升。研究结果为鱼菜共生系统溶解氧研究提供了一定理论依据。     

工厂化鱼菜共生系统之生菜栽培技术

摘要：为了利用鱼菜共生技术将水产养殖与蔬菜种植有机结合起来，实现水和有机排泄物的循环利用，最终达到“养鱼不换水、种菜不施肥”的目标，基于工厂化鱼菜共生系统生菜栽培经验，总结了生菜育苗技术、鱼菜共生系统构建、鱼菜共生期管理和生菜采收等技术要点，其中，生菜育苗期利用系统内水体进行补水，生菜定植后与鱼进行共生。在该系统下，生菜每茬可产生15万～18万元的经济效益。     

Profitability of multi‐loop aquaponics: Year‐long production data,economic scenarios and a comprehensive model case

This case study examined the productivity and economic performance of a double recirculation aquaponic system in Germany with a total interior area of about 540 m². Calculations were carried out as an ex post analysis based on one‐year production data. The initial situation was not profitable; therefore, two scenarios were developed, which envisaged a significantly improved productivity of the fish as well as of the plant unit and a more than threefold enlargement of the greenhouse to make maximum use of the fish effluent. An ex ante analysis was performed and showed that the second scenario was profitable with a payback period of about 12 years. On the basis of this scenario, a simple but comprehensive model case with the complete set of economic key indicators showed that aquaponics is feasible if it exploits its potential, regardless of the high initial investment costs. The model case would cover an overall space of about 2,000 m², which is suitable for professional aquaponics in urban and peri‐urban areas with their limited space availability. Furthermore, multi‐loop aquaponics with its inherent circles fits into the circular city concept and implements resource‐efficient and sustainable food production into the urban fabric, which is important with increasing urbanization.     

鱼菜共生模式中不同鱼类肠道微生物群落结构的比较

为研究鱼菜共生模式下不同鱼类肠道微生物的菌落结构,采用宏基因组学测序技术和生物信息学分析手段,构建了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)4种鲤科鱼类的肠道内含物等12个样品的16S rDNA测序克隆文库,分析了这4种鲤科鱼类肠道微生物的菌落组成和多样性。结果表明,鱼菜共生模式下不同鲤科鱼类肠道内含物微生物优势菌落的组成十分相似(P0.05,Kruskal-Wallis),优势微生物菌群均是鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)和梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等,其中鲸杆菌属和梭状芽孢杆菌属含量最丰富,且主要在非优势菌属之间具有显著差异(P0.05,Kruskal-Wallis),研究结果还表明食性不是造成不同食性鲤科鱼类肠道微生物菌落差异的唯一决定性因素。