Effect of protein levels on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen and energy budget in juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma

A feeding trial with five crude protein levels (549, 513, 472, 445 and 399 g kg^?1) was conducted to investigate the optimum protein level in diets of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Budgets of nitrogen and energy were discussed. Fish (initial weight 32.9 ± 0.5 g fish^?1, mean ± SD) were fed the experimental diets to satiation twice daily for 61 days. Protein levels affected specific growth rate in wet weight (SGR_W) and protein (SGR_P) significantly. SGR_W and SGR_P were highest at 512.5 g kg^?1 protein level. SGR_W was positively correlated to growth nitrogen (GN), growth energy (GE), nitrogen digestibility, energy digestibility, amount of digestible nitrogen and amount of digestible energy. Faecal nitrogen (FN) and faecal energy (FE) were affected significantly with trends contrary to SGR_W. The nitrogen budget was described by the equation 100CN = 2.1FN + 34.4UN + 63.5GN (CN, nitrogen intake; UN, excretion nitrogen). The energy budget was 100IE = 4.04FE +3.32UE + 54.35GE + 38.30ME (IE, gross energy intake; UE, excretion energy; ME, metabolizable energy). The average proportion of GE and ME in assimilated energy (AE) was described by the equation 100AE = 58.65GE + 41.35ME.     

Vibrio harveyi and other bacterial pathogens in cultured summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus

A monitoring program for Vibrio harveyi and other potential bacterial pathogens of summer flounder was conducted at two facilities in the Northeast United States. Bacterial samples were collected from larval and juvenile fish and live-feed, and identified using API 20E biochemical profiles and 16S rDNA sequencing. Histopathological examinations were conducted in order to relate histological changes with the presence of potential bacterial pathogens. V. harveyi, Vibrio ichthyoenteri, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, three known pathogens of flatfish, were isolated from diseased summer flounder. Although a high proportion of juvenile summer flounder showed microscopic signs of disease, the presence of these potential bacterial pathogens in fish was not associated with large-scale mortalities. An outbreak of flounder infectious necrotizing enteritis with 30% cumulative mortality occurred when juveniles were transported to a new facility. Isolates of V. harveyi from the disease outbreak were genetically different from the isolates from the commercial hatchery. V. harveyi isolates from both facilities were pathogenic to summer flounder by intraperitoneal injection. P. damselae subsp. damselae, V. ichthyoenteri, and Vibrio scophthalmi, also found in fish with gross lesions, were not pathogenic to juvenile summer flounder by intraperitoneal injection. Our research shows that several potential bacterial pathogens are associated with morbidity and mortality in summer flounder larvae and juveniles, especially in situations of stress. Increased knowledge about the environmental conditions that lead to disease, as well as the interactions of V. harveyi with other microbial species, could lead to the development of management strategies in summer flounder farms.     

牙鲆干扰素调节因子核心区序列的克隆及初步表达

采用逆转录－聚合酶链式反应（RT－PCR）方法，从牙鲆（Paralichthys loivaceus)肝脏总RNA中扩增出干扰素调节因子（fIRF)的核心区序列，定向插入质粒pUC18，克隆的牙鲆IRF cDNA序列分析表明，与Yabu报道的牙鲆IRF cDNA相比有1个碱基差异，但与推断的氨基酸序列完全一致，将牙鲆IRF的核心区序列 cDA定向插入原核表达载体pBV220，构建成牙鲆IRF表达载体pBVfIRF22，SDS－PAGE分析表明，经42度诱导，含pBVfIRF22质粒的大肠杆菌可表达一分子量约12000的特异蛋白。     

漠斑牙鲆人工繁育技术研究

本文研究了漠斑牙鲆亲鱼培育、产卵、受精卵孵化,仔稚鱼饵料系列的选择以及营养强化,并进行了人工授精试验,完善了漠斑牙鲆人工繁育技术工艺.结果表明:16～18 ℃为漠斑牙鲆最佳自然产卵水温;18～19 ℃水温下仔稚鱼的成活率较高.     

Quantitative genetic parameters for growth-related and morphometric traits of hatchery-produced Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in the wild

To understand quantitative genetic characteristics of hatchery‐produced Japanese flounder in the wild, heritability and genetic correlation of growth‐related and morphometric traits were examined in yearling released individuals at a coastal region in northeast Japan. Quantitative genetic parameters were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood following reconstruction of pedigree by a likelihood method using seven microsatellite loci. Estimates of heritability were 0.65 and 0.51 for growth‐related traits (body length and the proportion of body length to body depth) and 0.45–0.62 for morphometric traits (vertebral count and dorsal and anal fin ray counts). Genetic correlation was significantly positive (0.61) between dorsal and anal fin ray counts, indicating the possibility of pleiotropic genes or gametic phase disequilibrium for these traits. All the estimates of heritability and genetic correlation in the released individuals were close to those of hatchery‐reared juveniles, suggesting that yearling released individuals had similar quantitative genetic characteristics of growth and morphometric traits in the wild to hatchery‐reared juveniles.     

台湾海峡野生牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）亲鱼驯养和促熟产卵的探讨

本文研究了产白台湾海峡的野生牙鲆亲鱼的驯养、促熟和产卵。结果表明，活的鲻鱼苗可用于牙鲆的诱食；当水温达到16．2～19．5℃时，牙鲆可自然产卵，产卵盛期为3月中旬至4月上旬，4月份受精率高达86％。在驯养过程中亲鱼未发生死亡。     

Effect of arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

This study investigated the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (AA) in broodstock of Japanese flounder on subsequent egg and larval quality. Diets with similar proximate composition and n-3 HUFA level, but with different AA levels (0.1%, 0.6% and 1.2% of diet), were fed to the broodstock from 3 months before and during the spawning season. Spawning was observed from March to May. Total egg production over the spawning season was highest in fish fed the 0.6% AA diet and lowest in fish fed the 1.2% AA diet. All parameters measured as egg quality (percentage of buoyant eggs, hatching rate, larval survival and normality of larvae.) were highest in fish fed the 0.6% AA diet. AA content in eggs proportionally increased with the dietary AA level. EPA content of polar lipids of eggs had a negative correlation with the AA level in diets whereas the DHA content was independent of dietary AA. The results of this study indicate that a supplement of AA at 0.6 g/100 g diet improved the reproductive performance of Japanese flounder, but a higher level of AA (1.2 g/100 g diet) negatively affected both egg and larval quality due to a potential inhibitory effect on EPA bioconversion.     

牙鲆和大菱鲆养殖群体的分子标记和遗传变异

用１６个１０碱基随机引物对养殖牙鲆（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ ｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ）和大菱鲆（Ａｃｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｕｓ ｍａｘｉｍｕｓ）进行基因组随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）遗传分析。发现：（１）多个引物具有种的特异性扩增带。其中引物Ｓ７扩增的６９０和１１６０ｂｐ带,引物Ｓ２扩增的６８０ｂｐ带为牙鲆的种的特异性谱带;而引物Ｓ７扩增的６５３和８８９ｂｐ带,引物Ｓ２扩增的６５０、８７０、９９０及１１     

Influence of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) on the vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen in a raceway and a circular tank at two depths

The design and operation of aquaculture tanks should minimize stagnant areas especially in the immediate vicinity of the fish. In tanks with pelagic fish, mixing caused by the water flow and by fish swimming is sufficient to maintain dissolved oxygen and metabolite concentrations in the immediate vicinity of the fish that are similar to those in the main water body. Given the behavior of sedentary benthic species, such as the California halibut (Paralichthys californicus), and their tendency to remain motionless on the bottom of aquaculture tanks, often in layers that are several fish deep, water quality may stratify with the worse conditions occurring in the area where they fish are lying. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence that California halibut (450 g average weight) may have on the vertical profile of oxygen concentration in a raceway (239 cm long, 28 cm wide) and a circular tank (92 cm diameter) operated at two water depths (10 and 20 cm). Oxygen was measured at each centimeter of the vertical profile both in an area with fish and without fish to assess their influence.

Results showed a lower oxygen concentration in the near-bottom region of the raceway and circular tanks. The phenomenon was most pronounced in the raceway operated at a 20 cm depth, but was also observed in the circular tank operated at 20 cm and in the raceway at 10 cm.

Measurements were also taken in samples collected just in front of or directly from a fish's mouth. A zone of depressed oxygen concentration in the immediate vicinity of the fish was documented, with oxygen concentrations as low as 50% of the measured tank effluent concentration. The magnitude of the depression was greater in raceways than in circular tanks and in 20 cm water depth than in 10 cm depth. The fish remained sedentary in these zones of depressed oxygen concentration for extended periods of time and frequently exhibited hyperventilation. The oxygen concentrations in the vicinity of the fish were consistently lower than the concentrations measured in the tank effluent. Therefore, effluent measurements did not provide an accurate representation of conditions to which the fish were exposed.