超高压处理对凡纳滨对虾虾仁蛋白质和微观结构的影响

为丰富超高压技术在虾类保鲜与加工中的应用基础理论并实现工业化生产,实验以未处理的凡纳滨对虾虾仁为对照,用超高压(100、300、500 MPa)分别处理虾仁5、10、20、30 min,分析蛋白质含量、组成和热稳定性的变化,观察虾仁肌肉组织的微观结构。结果显示,100 MPa处理使虾仁的肌浆蛋白含量增加,300和500 MPa处理使肌浆蛋白含量显著下降。超高压处理使肌原纤维蛋白含量显著下降,使虾仁蛋白质发生了变性、肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的热稳定性降低;随着压强的升高和处理时间的延长,虾仁肌原纤维排列变得紧实致密,肌节严重收缩,肌纤维之间空隙变模糊而呈现出絮状结构。研究表明,超高压处理能使对虾蛋白质变性而产生凝胶化,从而有利于人体的消化和吸收,说明超高压可以用于加工即食虾类产品。     

冻融循环过程中虾过敏原的免疫原性变化

采用凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,分别将过敏原提取物在-3,-20和-80 ℃的贮存条件下反复冻融1~5次,通过测定每次冻融后的蛋白浓度,过敏原免疫原性等探讨过敏原在不同温度循环下的变化,分析冻融循环对过敏原提取物活性的影响。结果表明,虾过敏原提取物在-80、-20、-3 ℃冻融循环5次时,蛋白浓度分别下降33.1%、30.0%和24.2%;在-80和-20 ℃冻融循环4次时,主要过敏原条带发生降解,-3 ℃冻融循环5次,主要过敏原条带不会发生变化。在-80和-20 ℃冻融循环5次以及在-3 ℃冻融3次时,过敏活性降低;在-80和-20 ℃冻融5次,主要过敏原的免疫印迹条带消失,在-3 ℃冻融的免疫印迹条带没有变化。因此,应尽量减少过敏原蛋白冻融次数,保证贮存在-80和-20 ℃的过敏原冻融循环4次以内以及-3 ℃冻融循环2次以内,以保证实验结果的准确性。     

枯草芽孢杆菌WB600芽孢和营养体耐受凡纳滨对虾胃肠道环境及定殖存活的研究

采用体外模拟胃肠道环境与体内芽孢存活计数相结合方法,考察枯草芽孢杆菌WB600耐受凡纳滨对虾胃、肠道环境及其在凡纳滨对虾肠道内的定殖存活情况。试验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌WB600芽孢在不同的pH环境中均表现出很强的耐受性和良好的生长增殖趋势,而营养体的耐受性较差;在含不同浓度胰蛋白酶的模拟肠液中芽孢和营养体均能表现出良好的耐受性,其中芽孢的耐受能力更为显著;当温度高达80℃时,仍有93.9%的芽孢存活,而营养体基本失活;在虾的肠道内容物中能检测到大量的活芽孢,说明芽孢在进入虾肠道内是可以在其内存活并生长定殖的。表明枯草杆菌WB600芽孢比营养体对胃肠道环境和高温具有更强的耐受能力,且能顺利在虾肠道内定殖存活,有望在水产养殖领域发挥益生作用的同时成为新型的口服疫苗载体。     

利玛原甲藻对湛江港多种鱼虾贝的毒性研究

2010年3月采集在湛江港爆发的利玛原甲藻赤潮海水,测定了湛江港利玛原甲藻赤潮海水对凡纳滨对虾虾苗、斑节对虾虾苗、菲律宾蛤仔、丽文蛤和乌塘鳢的毒性.结果表明,利玛原甲藻对2种虾苗有一定的毒性影响,其中对凡纳滨对虾虾苗的96 h半致死浓度为1.990×106个/L,对斑节对虾虾苗的96 h半致死浓度为1.214×106个...     

饲料中添加核苷酸对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、肠道形态及抗氧化酶活力的影响

本实验旨在研究外源核苷酸混合物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长性能、体组成、中肠肠道形态和抗氧化酶活力的影响。选取960尾初始体质量为(1.01±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾,随机分为8组,分别投喂基础饲料和添加5种核苷酸混合物(5′-腺苷酸∶5′-胞苷酸∶5′-尿苷酸二钠∶5′-肌苷酸二钠∶5′-鸟苷酸二钠=1∶1∶1∶1∶1,mix-NT)的实验饲料,各实验组添加量分别为0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2 g/kg饲料,养殖期为7周。结果显示,饲料中添加5种核苷酸混合物对凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源核苷酸显著影响凡纳滨对虾全虾水分含量(P<0.05),但对全虾粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。肝胰指数(HSI)随饲料中核苷酸添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),在0.6 g/kg组达到最高。0.4 g/kg组的肝胰腺谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力及尿酸(UA)含量最低,但与对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。中肠肠壁厚度和肠绒毛高度均随着核苷酸添加量的增加呈先升高...     

Incorporation of a mixture of meat and bone meal,poultry by‐product meal,blood meal and corn gluten meal as a replacement for fish meal in practical diets of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at two dietary protein levels

A 6‐week feeding trial was carried out in glass tanks to determine the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with a combination of meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), blood meal (BM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) in practical diets on the growth, nutrient digestibility and body composition of Pacific white shrimp. Six practical diets were formulated, containing two levels of crude protein (CP) (330 and 380 g kg^?1) and similar crude lipid (CL) levels. For the 330 g kg^?1 dietary protein level, 0, 357 and 714 g kg^?1 FM were replaced by the mixture in Diets 1–3, respectively; while 0, 514 and 784 g kg^?1 FM were replaced in Diets 4–6, respectively, for 380 g kg^?1 dietary protein level. White shrimp‐fed diets containing 330 g kg^?1 CP had significantly lower weight gain compared with white shrimp fed diets containing 380 g kg^?1 CP. Increasing the mixture and dietary protein level significantly raised the body ash content of white shrimp. White shrimp fed a low‐protein diet obtained better nutrient digestibility compared with those fed a high‐protein diet.     

粤西凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘浮游微藻群落结构特征

对4个凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘的浮游微藻进行定期跟踪调查,并对其群落结构特征进行了分析。结果共检出浮游微藻6门91种,其中蓝藻30种,绿藻15种,硅藻37种,甲藻5种,裸藻两种,金藻两种。优势种有顿顶节旋藻Arthrospira platensis、蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyre-noidosa、显微蹄形藻Kirchneriella microscopica、微小多甲藻Peridinium pusillum、新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、加德纳鞘丝藻Lyngbya gardneri、绿色颤藻Oscillatoria chlorina、盐泽颤藻Oscillatoria salina、微小念珠藻Nostoc microscopicum、易略颤藻Oscillatoria neglecta、威利颤藻Oscillatoria willei等。在养殖前期浮游微藻的个体数量介于5.12×104~95.41×104ind/L之间,生物量为1.95~118μg/L,多样性指数平均为0.84~2.16,绿藻类和硅藻类较为常见;到养殖中后期浮游微藻的个体数量介于66.11×104~1.28×109...     

Strain and dose infectivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: the causative agent of early mortality syndrome in shrimp

Diseases of shrimp have contributed to billions of dollars of economic loss in the aquaculture industry. Newly emerging strains of the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus produce a condition in shrimp called early mortality syndrome or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Three different V. parahaemolyticus strains were evaluated for their respective pathogenicity on shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, when the bacterial strains were grown under various laboratory conditions prior to inoculating shrimp. For each trial, feed was inoculated with a known concentration of bacteria and then fed to the shrimp. The early mortality syndrome strain of V. parahaemolyticus was the most lethal resulting up to 100% mortality within 24 h after being introduced to shrimp via a single feeding. The other two strains of Vibrio, one isolated from the environment and the other from a human clinical case, resulted in 0% and 30% mortality within 96 h respectively. The concentration of the early mortality syndrome strain of V. parahaemolyticus that the shrimp were exposed to directly correlated with mortality rate, which allowed for lethal or sublethal short‐term disease challenge assays to be established. Infiltration of haemocytes was also evident in the midgut caeca of shrimp infected with the early mortality syndrome strain of V. parahaemolyticus, which has not been previously reported.     

Growth parameters of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and red seaweed Gracilaria corticata in integrated culturing method under zero water exchange system

Growth parameters of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and red seaweed Gracilaria corticata were measured using integrated culturing method under zero‐water exchange system in a 45‐day period. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used with two levels of shrimp stocking densities and three levels of seaweed weight densities. G. corticata was cultured on a net tied to a round polyethylene frame. Culture tanks were filled with 750‐L filtered seawater. A 40‐W compact fluorescent lamp was hung over each tank to provide adequate and sufficient light for seaweed growth. Growth parameters of shrimp and seaweed such as specific growth rate (SGR), weight gained (WG) and average daily growth (ADG) were computed based on the initial and final weight of shrimp and seaweed. The maximum and minimum SGR of L. vannamei (1.97 and 1.69%/day) were observed in treatment S₁A₃ (25 shrimp/m² and 400 g seaweed/m²) and S₂A₁ (50 shrimp/m² without seaweed) respectively. The best survival rate (94.67 ± 1.33%), WG (129.9 ± 2.9%) and feed conversion ratio (1.67 ± 0.04) were also observed in treatment S₁A₃. The SGR of G.corticata in the treatment S₁A₃ (1.97 ± 0.00%/day) was significantly higher, compared to others. Strong positive correlations were obtained between the density of G. corticata and the growth parameters of L. vannamei. The red seaweed G. corticata could boost the growth parameters, survival rate and total production of L. vannamei under zero‐water exchange system.     

硫化物胁迫对凡纳滨对虾血细胞的毒性影响

硫化物是水产养殖过程中常见的水体污染物之一。为探讨水体硫化物胁迫对虾类血细胞的毒性影响,以不同浓度(0.5 mg/L,2.0 mg/L)的硫化物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)进行胁迫,于胁迫后6、12、24和48 h取血淋巴,应用流式细胞术测定血细胞的总数(THC)、活性氧(ROS)含量、一氧化氮(NO)含量以及凋亡率。结果显示,经0.5 mg/L硫化物胁迫48 h后,对虾THC显著下降至11.78×10~6个/mL,为对照组的72.7%(P0.05),ROS含量为对照组的225.2%(P0.05),血细胞凋亡率显著上升至7.42%(P0.05);经2.0 mg/L硫化物胁迫6 h开始,对虾THC呈现显著的下降(P0.05),血细胞ROS含量和凋亡率显著提高(P0.05);表明硫化物胁迫刺激对虾血细胞产生大量ROS,诱导血细胞凋亡,从而导致THC下降,这一过程可能是硫化物导致虾类细胞免疫下降的重要机制;随着硫化物浓度的升高,其细胞毒性作用明显提高。血细胞NO含量在2.0 mg/L硫化物胁迫12和48 h时显著升高(P0.05),推测NO可能在硫化物胁迫防御调控中起着信号因子的作用。