不同玉米品种生物产量和营养物质产量的差异分析

（中国农业大学动物营养学国家重点实验室,北京 100094）     

热应激对猪禽肠道健康的影响及其机制研究进展

热应激是影响猪禽夏季生产性能的重要因素,主要表现为采食量降低、生长放缓、饲料转化率降低、抗病能力减弱。肠道作为机体营养物质消化吸收的主要位点及免疫防御的第一道屏障,成为近年猪禽热应激的研究热点。本文从消化吸收功能和屏障功能两方面综述最近有关热应激对猪禽肠道健康的影响及其机制,为生产实践提供一定的理论参考。     

不同盐度对弓斑东方鲀消化酶活性的影响

本研究探讨了不同水体盐度对弓斑东方鲀α-淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性的影响,同时得出最适于该鱼种消化吸收养分的盐度值,以发挥其生长潜力.试验用360尾鱼,分为4个处理(淡水对照,盐度8‰、18‰和35‰),每处理3个重复,每个重复30尾,通过15 d饲养试验,采样时间分别为:第1天、第4天、第7天和第15天.结果显示:随着盐度的增加,α-淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的活性有显著变化(P<0.05).在试验后期,α-淀粉酶活性在盐度18‰时显著高于盐度8‰和35‰的情况(P<0.05);胃蛋白酶活性则在8‰和18‰2种盐度下有显著差异(P<0.05);胰蛋白酶活性在8‰时最大,显著高于35‰和18‰处理(P<0.05).试验结果表明弓斑东方鲍饲养的水体盐度为8‰～18‰时能更有效的促进其消化酶的活性.     

啮齿动物消化器官长度研究进展

啮齿动物消化器官长度一直是研究啮齿动物差异的重要指标之一.总结了消化道的组成部分以及各部分功能,阐述了消化器官的测量方法,对消化器官长度与食性、能量需求和季节变化的关系进行了分析.     

中华鳖消化系统组织学的研究

采用常规石蜡切片,观察了中华鳖消化道组织结构和粘膜表面。结果表明,消化道管壁由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜构成。消化道各部分的差别主要在粘膜层和肌层:食道粘膜层为复层扁平细胞;胃、肠粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,胃、肠肌层有内环外纵两层平滑肌组成,而且粘膜上皮中腺体的分布情况、肌层的相对厚度等在消化道各部分也存在差异。     

牛磺酸对黄河鲤鱼生长性能和消化酶活性的影响

研究了日粮中添加牛磺酸对黄河鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)生长性能和消化酶活性的影响。选用体重121g左右的黄河鲤鱼450尾,随机分为5个处理组,每组90尾,设3个重复,每个重复30尾,在日粮中添加0、400、800、1200、1600mg/kg的牛磺酸,以0mg/kg添加组为对照组,试验期56d。结果表明:牛磺酸促进黄河鲤鱼生长,添加量为800mg/kg时,生物学综合评价最高、饵料系数最低(P<0.05);添加适宜牛磺酸(800-1200mg/kg),显著提高肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶的活性(P<0.05)。结果提示,黄河鲤鱼日粮中牛磺酸的最适添加量为800mg/kg。     

Effects of artificial acidification and liming on biomass and on the activity of digestive enzymes in Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): Results of an ongoing study

Summary The effects of simulated acid rain and acidification combined with liming on enzymatic activities in the gut of the enchytraied Fridericia sp. were studied under laboratory conditions. Simulated mild (pH 4.4) and strong (pH 3.1) acid rain was applied throughout a 52-day experiment. Liming, at rates of 1500 and 4000 kg CaCO₃ powder ha^-1, was applied once on the 27th day of acid rain. After 52 days, the treatment effects were determined by analysing changes in the fresh body weight of enchytraeids and the activities of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and C₁-cellulase (EC 3.2.1.91) in the gut. The effects were significant in only a few instances. After acidification, xylanase and trehalase activities decreased. The changes in fresh body biomass were not significant. Amylase and cellulase activities increased slightly, possibly because the acidification had a stimulatory effect on soil amylolytic and cellulolytic microorganisms. After liming, both xylanase activity and the enchytraeid body biomass decreased. This was the only marked evidence of a negative effect on the enchytraeids. The high amylase, trehalase and cellulase activities that were observed might have been caused by intensive digestion of dead acidophilous microflora.     

复合益生菌粉对刺参生长·体壁成分和消化酶活性的影响

[目的]研究饲料中添加复合益生菌粉对刺参生长、体壁成分和消化酶活性的影响.[方法]在基础日粮中分别添加含有0、0.2％、0.4％、0.6％、0.8％的复合益生菌粉(由枯草芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、酿酒酵母菌组成,含有106CFU/g)进行喂养试验,养殖8周.[结果]随着复合益生菌添加量的提高,刺参增重率和特殊生长率有增加趋势.与对照组相比,添加0.8％的复合益生菌能显著提高刺参的增重率和特定生长率(P＜0.05).复合益生菌对刺参成活率和体壁成分均无显著影响(P＞0.05).复合益生菌对刺参肠道的消化酶活性也无显著影响(P＞0.05),但有提高刺参肠道脂肪酶活性的趋势.当益生菌添加量为0.4％时,刺参脂肪酶活性最高.[结论]复合益生菌粉能够促进刺参的生长.当益生菌添加量为0.8％时刺参的生长较好.     

Ontogeny of the digestive tract in shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) reared using the mesocosm larval rearing system

Histological changes of the digestive tract were studied in shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) from hatching until 41 days post hatching (dph), when the fry had a mean (±S.D.) total length (TL) of 32 ± 2 mm and wet weight (WW) of 0.42 ± 0.07 g. Larvae were reared using the mesocosm technique, the most natural among commercially employed rearing methods for marine larvae. Shi drum opened their mouth at 2 dph (2.78 ± 0.09 mm TL), at which time 90% of the larvae already had an inflated swim bladder. The differentiation of the digestive tract into buccopharynx, esophagus, and anterior and posterior intestine was completed by 3 dph (2.82 ± 0.07 mm TL), 1 day after the onset of exogenous feeding. The alimentary canal started coiling and formed its first loop at 2 dph, while the pancreas and liver were differentiated at 3 dph. Yolk sac reserves lasted until 7 dph (4.3 ± 0.1 mm TL), suggesting a brief period of endogenous and exogenous feeding. The first esophageal goblet cells appeared at 7 dph containing acid mucins and at 8 dph taste buds appeared on the buccopharyngeal epithelium. The stomach was morphologically differentiated at 9 dph (5.5 ± 0.1 mm TL) when gastric glands became abundant in the cardiac region, and the first pyloric caeca appeared at 14 dph (10.1 ± 0.9 mm TL). Supranuclear eosinophilic vacuoles were observed in the posterior intestine between 3 and 11 dph (6.3 ± 0.9 mm TL). Their number decreased as the stomach differentiated, suggesting a change in the protein digestion mechanism. The results of the study suggest a rapid development of shi drum and its digestive system and underline the possibility of weaning larvae to artificial feed even earlier than the 12 dph employed in the present study.     

凡纳滨对虾肠道铁载体高产菌株筛选与饲料添加应用效果的研究

本研究筛选了凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道铁载体高产菌株,并探究了饲料中添加铁载体高产菌株对凡纳滨对虾的生理功效。结果显示,从凡纳滨对虾肠道中筛选出一株铁载体产量高达74.87%的菌株SDVGH3,经鉴定属于泛菌属(Pantoea sp.),产生的铁载体属于异羟肟酸型,该菌株无溶血性,对大部分抗生素敏感;优化了该菌株铁载体产量的培养条件：最适温度为28℃,pH为7.5,盐度为0,装液量为10 mL,Fe3+浓度为0.01 mmol/L;采用滤纸片扩散法检测了菌株抑制病原菌的特性,显示能抑制5种凡纳滨对虾致病菌。通过在饲料中添加SDVGH3菌液,凡纳滨对虾增重率和饲料利用率明显升高,血细胞数量、吞噬率和血浆酚氧化酶、抗菌活性均有不同程度的升高,副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)攻毒后,实验组的死亡率显著低于对照组,1010 CFU/g实验组的死亡率最低,为61.4%;添加107 CFU/g SDVGH3菌液处理组,凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群多样性显著提高,弧菌属(Vibrio sp.)在肠道菌群中所占比例明显下降。研究表明,铁载体高产菌株SDVGH3能明显促进凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫防御能力,增强肠道菌群健康,具有应用于水产养殖中的潜力。