Fish proteins not lipids are the major nutrients limiting the use of vegetable ingredients in catfish nutrition

The objective of this study was to determine the major nutrient limiting growth and lipid metabolism in African catfish fed diets composed of vegetable ingredients. Four diets were formulated from contrasted meal (fish meal: FM; vegetable meal: VM) and oil (fish oil: FO; vegetable oil: VO) sources. Replacement of FO by VO did not affect specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency, whereas lower values were recorded in the case of FM replacement. LC‐PUFAs muscle contents were higher in fish fed control FMFO diet than in fish fed vegetable ingredients. However, the decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in FMVO group was limited compared to VM groups despite the same low DHA level in those three diets. These results may suggest an activation of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis from PUFA precursors brought with vegetable oils in FMVO group. This hypothesize is reinforced by the significant stimulation of elovl5 gene expression in liver and intestine from fish fed FMVO. Therefore, this study demonstrated that African catfish is able to bioconvert LC‐PUFAs at a significant biological level when FO is replaced by VO whereas the use of plant proteins has strong detrimental effects on growth performances.     

Effect of ingredient particle sizes and dietary viscosity on digestion and faecal waste of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

The ingredients’ particle size and dietary viscosity may alter digestion, performance and faecal waste management of fish. This study aimed to assess the effect of grinding screen sizes of feed ingredients and dietary viscosity on digestibility, faecal waste and performance of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878). The experiment had a 2 × 3 factorial‐design: two feed mesh particle sizes, by grinding ingredient mixtures at two screen sizes (0.8 versus 1.0 mm); and three dietary viscosity levels, created by exchanging carboxymethylcellulose by guar gum (GG) (0, 3 and 6 g of GG/kg of diet). Six diets were assigned to 18 tanks, each connected to three faecal settling tanks. All aquaria were stocked with 20 fish (82 g per fish). After 52 experimental days, dietary viscosity negatively affected both feed digestibility and performance of striped catfish; as a result, the amount of organic matter in the culture system through faeces had increased significantly. The coarse diets significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and carbohydrate but worsened feed conversion ratio. Increasing dietary viscosity tended to increase the viscosity and moisture content of the faeces, but significantly accelerated the faecal disintegration through the reduction of both faecal recovery and the amount of recovered faeces.     

不同水温下盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆的药代动力学研究

研究不同水温(18、28 ℃)条件下盐酸氯苯胍(robenidine hydrochloride,ROBH)在斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)血浆的药代动力学特征。以20 mg·kg^-1体质量剂量的盐酸氯苯胍单次口灌斑点叉尾鮰,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的浓度,内标法定量,并采用3p97药代动力学软件计算药代动力学参数、开展模型分析。结果表明,在不同水温条件下盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆的药时曲线均符合二室模型特征,动力学方程分别为C_{18 ℃}=4.17e^-0.01t+2.48e^-0.008t-6.65e^-0.05t和C_{28 ℃}=7.69e^-0.02t+0.13e^-0.01t+-7.82e^-0.27t。血浆中盐酸氯苯胍达峰时间T_peak 分别为42.36和10.03 h,峰浓度值C_max分别为3.51和5.76 μg·mL^-1,表观分布容积V/F(c)分别为3.79和2.78 L·kg^-1,分布相的一级速率常数α分别为0.248和0.222 h^-1,消除相的一级速率常数β分别为0.006和0.007 h^-1,吸收半衰期T_1/2(ka)分别为14.67和2.54 h,消除半衰期T_1/2(β) 分别为85.52和58.63 h,中央室向周边室转运的一级速率常数K₁₂分别为0.000 2和0.000 2 h^-1,周边室向中央室转运的一级速率常数K₂₁分别为0.009和0.01 h^-1,药-时曲线下面积分别为554.18和326.74 μg·mL^-1·h^-1。研究结果表明,盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰体血浆的吸收、分布和消除受水温的影响显著,高水温条件下盐酸氯苯胍的达峰时间短,峰浓度值约是低水温时的2倍,水温对血药曲线下面积的影响较大,对肾清除率影响不大。研究结果为盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰养殖过程中不同季节的合理使用提供一定理论依据。     

饲料磷含量对黄颡鱼生长和磷代谢的影响

【目的】探讨饲料磷含量对黄颡鱼生长和磷代谢的影响。【方法】以磷酸二氢钙为磷源,制备磷含量分别为0.28%,0.46%,0.67%,0.89%,1.13%,1.38%和1.57%的7种精制试验饲料,用其饲养黄颡鱼(体质量(8.75±0.72)g/尾)8周,试验结束后取样,测定生长、饲料利用、钙磷代谢、肌肉营养成分和脊椎骨钙磷沉积等指标。【结果】饲料磷含量为0.67%组的平均增重率和特定生长率与0.46%组差异不显著,但显著高于其他各组(P0.05);当饲料磷含量为0.67%和0.89%时,饲料效率和蛋白效率显著高于其他各组(P0.05);当饲料磷含量为0.67%时,饲料蛋白质生产率显著高于除0.89%组以外的其他各组(P0.05)。血清降钙素随着饲料磷含量的升高先升高后降低(P0.05),在1.13%组时达到最高,显著高于除0.89%和1.38%组外的其他各组(P0.05);血清甲状旁腺素含量随饲料磷含量的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势,在1.13%组时降到最低。肌肉粗脂肪含量随饲料磷含量的升高而显著降低,而肌肉粗灰分含量则随饲料磷含量的升高而显著升高,在磷含量为1.13%时,肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于0.28%,0.46%和0.67%各组(P0.05)。在磷含量为0.89%时,肌肉粗灰分含量与除0.28%组外的其他各组差异不显著。脊椎骨磷含量随饲料磷含量的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,当饲料磷含量为1.13%时,脊椎骨磷含量最大,与除0.28%,0.46%和0.89%各组外的其他各组差异不显著。脊椎骨钙含量随饲料磷含量的升高亦呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在饲料磷含量为0.89%时达到最大值,显著高于0.28%组(P0.05)。脊椎骨钙磷比在0.89%组达到最高,显著高于1.38%和1.57%组(P0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,黄颡鱼最适生长、饲料利用和磷代谢的适宜饲料有效磷含量为0.46%~1.13%。     

Why is cannibalism less frequent when larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reared under dim light?

Survival rates of the larvae of sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus are reported to be three times higher under dim conditions (0.1 lx) than those under 100 lx. In this study, larval behaviour of sutchi catfish was examined under various light intensities (<0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 lx) using a CCD camera to understand why survival rates vary under different light intensities. Five‐day‐old larvae showed significantly higher swimming activity under <0.01, 0.1 and 1 lx than those under 10 and 100 lx. On the other hand, the larvae showed significantly higher aggressive behaviour under 10 and 100 lx; swimming larvae attacked resting individuals more frequently under 10 and 100 lx than those under 0 and 0.1 lx. Aggressive behaviour was considered to induce lesions, inflicted by the sharp teeth of attacking larvae, on larval skin surfaces. It is considered that the chemical substances would generate from injured skin surfaces then acted as stimuli, causing the cannibalistic behaviour in other fish around the injured fish. This study provided evidence that the observed higher survival rates depended on lower frequency of aggressive behaviour under dark or dim conditions. It is therefore recommended that larval rearing of sutchi catfish be conducted under dim (less than 1 lx) conditions.     

鱼塘种稻对养殖水体营养物质的去除作用研究

以黄颡鱼精养塘为例,探索鱼塘种植高秆型水稻对精养池塘水体氮磷养分等水质指标的修复作用。结果表明,在水稻生长期,种稻黄颡鱼精养塘水体氮、磷养分含量显著低于单养鱼池塘。在水稻收获期,单养鱼塘水体总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量高达11.98mg/L和0.52mg/L,超过了《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》标准;而种稻鱼塘水体中TN、TP含量则仅为0.49mg/L和0.08mg/L,达到《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》一级排放标准。种稻鱼塘水体中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP和PO43--P含量比不种稻单养鱼塘分别降低95.95%、98.09%、98.07%、84.47%和64.57%。种稻鱼塘COD含量和pH值低于单养鱼塘。可见,种稻能有效降低水体养分含量,改善养殖水体水质。     

Cage‐pond integration of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with carps

Cage‐pond integration system is a new model for enhancing productivity of pond aquaculture system. A field trial was conducted using African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in cages and carps in earthen ponds. There were four treatments replicated five times: (1) carps in ponds without cage, (2) tilapia at 30 fish m^?3 in cage and carps in open pond, (3) catfish at 100 fish m^?3 in cage and carps in open pond, (4) tilapia and catfish at 30 and 100 fish m^?3, respectively, in separate cages and carps in open pond. The carps were stocked at 1 fish m^?2. The cage occupied about 3% of the pond area. The caged tilapia and catfish were fed and the control ponds were fertilized. Results showed that the combined extrapolated net yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the catfish, tilapia and carps integration system (9.4 ± 1.6 t ha^?1 year^?1) than in the carp polyculture (3.3 ± 0.7 t ha^?1 year^?1). The net return from the tilapia and carps (6860 US$ ha^?1 year^?1) and catfish, tilapia and carps integration systems (6668 US$ ha^?1 year^?1) was significantly higher than in the carp polyculture (1709 US$ ha^?1 year^?1) (P < 0.05). This experiment demonstrated that the cage‐pond integration of African catfish and Nile tilapia with carps is the best technology to increase production; whereas integration of tilapia and carp for profitability.     

静水压休克法诱导三倍体鲶鱼（silurus asotus L）的研究

采用静水压休克法诱导三倍体鲶鱼。通过对受精时间、静水压力及持续施压处理时间三方面进行筛选试验的结果表明，鲶鱼卵受精4－5min，用600－649kg/cm^2的静水压力处理3min，可以获得100％的三倍体鲶鱼，而且胚胎存活率也较高，孵化率达对照组的90％以上，是静水压休克法诱导三倍体鲶鱼的最佳条件。三倍体鲶鱼的倍性用细胞遗传学方法验证。     

鲶鱼部分组织抗菌肽抗菌功效的研究

采用乙酸提取法提取鲶鱼表面黏液、皮肤、鱼肉、内脏等不同组织抗菌肽,采用双缩脲法测定蛋白质含量;以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为受试菌,采用滤纸片法,比较不同组织抗菌肽对不同菌种的抗菌效果,结果表明：各组织蛋白质含量分别为黏液0.336mg/mL、皮肤1.629mg/mL、鱼肉10.284mg/mL、内脏0.562mg/mL。内脏提取物的抑菌效果最好,且对枯草芽孢杆菌抑制效果最佳,抑菌圈直径达10.73mm。