饲料蛋白含量对稻-黄颡鱼共作模式气态氮排放、黄颡鱼生长和氮利用率的影响

【目的】明确饲料蛋白含量对稻-黄颡鱼共作模式下N₂O和NH₃挥发特征及黄颡鱼生长的影响,有利于稻-黄颡鱼综合种养的高效、绿色发展。【方法】采用盆栽模拟试验,以常规单养黄颡鱼模式为对照,系统研究了不同饲料蛋白含量对稻-黄颡鱼共作模式下N₂O和NH₃的排放特征、水体和底泥的氮含量以及黄颡鱼生长的影响。【结果】在相同蛋白含量下,稻-黄颡鱼共作模式的N₂O和NH₃挥发分别比单养黄颡鱼模式降低18.3%和76.20%,水体总氮和无机氮含量降低41.30%和48.85%,黄颡鱼蛋白累积量增加20.00%,氮利用率增加171.50%。在稻-黄颡鱼共作模式下,提高饲料蛋白含量会显著增加N₂O排放量和水体残留氮含量,但对NH₃挥发无显著影响;黄颡鱼特定生长率和蛋白累积量与饲料蛋白含量呈二次曲线关系。饲料氮利用效率随饲料蛋白含量增加呈线性降低趋势。【结论】综合考虑黄颡鱼生长和N₂O排放以及养殖水体氮残留等因素,确定稻-黄颡鱼共作模式饲料蛋白含量不宜超过43.04%。     

稻鱼共作对养殖池塘沉积物-水界面微观剖面理化性质的影响

采用微电极系统研究了黄颡鱼-水稻共作和黄颡鱼单养两种模式下沉积物-水界面基本理化性质的变化。研究结果表明,与黄颡鱼单养相比,黄颡鱼-水稻共作可使沉积物-水界面附近O2浓度下降速率减慢,O2渗透深度增加71.4%,并使界面Eh值升高,改善塘底沉积物-水界面厌氧状况;黄颡鱼-水稻共作降低了界面附近pH值,比黄颡鱼单养低约一个单位。以上研究结果表明,养殖池塘种植水稻改变了沉积物-水界面的微环境,可能会影响界面物质迁移转化过程。     

不同类型池塘种稻模式下的稻米安全和经济效益研究

通过大田生产试验,研究了"青虾-稻""甲鱼-稻"和"河蟹-稻"三种池塘种稻模式下稻米安全和经济效益情况。结果表明,在养殖青虾、甲鱼和河蟹条件下,每667 m2水稻产量分别为186 kg、300 kg和250 kg;稻米无农药残留,重金属含量符合国家安全标准。在经济效益方面,池塘种稻模式下每667 m2青虾、甲鱼和河蟹养殖的利润分别为6 409.1元、9 815.0元和4 377.0元,与传统单养模式相比,每667 m2分别增收2 534.2元、2 075.0元和120.0元;产投比和成本收益率分别提高31.7%、19.6%、16.6%和69.2%、192.0%、37.4%。试验证明,池塘种稻模式不仅能够有效提高养殖利润、产投比和成本收益率,而且能够增加水稻种植面积,生产优质稻米,保障我国粮食安全,实现了淡水养殖和粮食种植的有效统一,体现了良好的经济、社会和生态效益,为我国农业可持续发展提供了一条新的技术途径。     

稻蛙共作对土壤理化特性和水稻产量的影响

通过大田试验比较了常规种稻（CK）、稻蛙共作低密度养蛙（DWL）和稻蛙共作高密度养蛙（DWH）3种模式对稻田土壤理化特性、养分含量变化动态及水稻产量的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，稻蛙共作提高了土壤pH值、电导率、全磷和速效磷含量，但降低了土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量，同一生育时期，DWH处理土壤养分含量高于DWL处理；与CK相比，DWL处理显著降低水稻产量12.0%,DWH处理降低水稻产量3.1%，差异不显著。稻蛙共作导致水稻产量下降的主要原因是显著降低了水稻有效穗数。可见，在稻作系统下养殖适宜数量的黑斑蛙会导致水稻产量小幅下降，但稻谷安全性和黑斑蛙产出提高，不仅有助于增加单位面积稻田的经济效益，而且因为生产过程中不施化肥和农药，减少了对环境的污染，实现较好的生态效益。     

冬季轮茬作物养分还田特征及其对水稻产量和稻田水环境的影响

采用大田小区试验研究了不同冬季轮茬种植模式下作物养分还田特征,及其对水稻产量和稻田表水环境主要参数的影响,并对各轮茬种植模式下的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明,不同冬季轮茬作物产量差异较大,且其养分含量差异亦较大,导致各轮茬种植模式下养分还田量差异显著。“红花草-水稻”模式下,N、P素还田量均最高。从短期效应来看,冬季作物轮茬对后茬水稻株高、产量及肥料利用率的影响均不显著。然而,从环境效应角度考量,不管何种轮茬种植模式,均应充分考虑水稻季基肥到分蘖肥期间的稻田水环境效应,监测发现,稻田表水总磷（TP）、可溶性总磷（DP）平均含量几乎都超过了易引发水体富营养化的临界水平（溶解磷0.05 mg/L和总磷0.1 mg/L）。同时,从周年经济效益角度考量,“青饲小麦-水稻”和“蚕豆-水稻”种植模式具有较高收益,可进一步推广应用。     

水稻对富营养化水体生态修复效应及其研究进展

水体富营养化是制约我国农业可持续发展的重要因素。水稻具有显著的水质净化能力,利用水稻对富营养化水体进行生态修复成为植物修复的一个重要的研究方向。通过文献调研,总结了水稻对不同富营养化水体(湖泊、水库、污水河道、养殖尾水、农田退水和生活污水)修复效率,综合分析了不同修复模式(浮床种稻、稻田湿地和稻鱼共作)的技术特点、适用范围和影响因素,归纳总结了水稻对富营养化水体修复的主要作用机制,并对下一步的研究提出了相关建议。     

根际氧浓度对水稻分蘖期养分吸收和根系形态的影响

以秀水09和春优84为材料,利用在线溶氧仪(氧气、氮气调节)设置4个氧浓度(低氧,0~1 mg/L;中氧,2.5~3.5 mg/L;高氧,>6 mg/L,即饱和溶解氧处理,在水稻生长过程中用充气泵连续向水体中充入空气;CK,常规水培,不进行氧调节),研究根际氧浓度对水稻幼苗生物量、养分吸收、积累以及根系形态的影响,探讨根际氧浓度变化情况下两个水稻品种幼苗养分吸收、积累和根系形态的差异。结果表明,与O₂浓度正常水平(对照)相比,中氧处理增加两个水稻品种幼苗根系、茎叶和总生物量。秀水09分别增加30.30%、32.96%和32.46%;春优84分别增加7.01%、1.77%和9.17%;高氧处理减少两个水稻品种幼苗根系、茎叶和总生物量,秀水09分别减少35.35%、15.62%和17.76%;春优84分别减少43.95%,18.92%和21.34%。低氧处理增加供试品种的根冠比。中氧处理增加两个水稻品种的N、P、K、Mn、Mg和Ca的吸收累积总量,低氧处理增加其Fe、Cu和Zn的吸收累积总量。中氧处理增加两个供试品种幼苗根系总根长、表面积、总根尖数和细根比例,降低幼苗粗根比例,有利于水稻幼苗对养分的吸收,使部分营养元素含量增加。同时,中氧处理对水稻幼苗生物量、养分吸收、积累、分配和根系形态的影响存在显著品种差异。     

黄颡鱼人工繁殖技术研究

采用市场收购、池塘越冬养殖、药物催产的方法,进行黄颡鱼人工繁殖技术研究.结果表明,亲鱼经过强化培育以后,可明显增强体质,利用混合药物催产,能使亲鱼生长同步,鱼卵受精率提高,采用静水充气方法,可使孵化率高达95%以上.     

稻田养殖黄颡鱼技术

介绍了盘锦地区利用稻田的浅水环境养殖黄颡鱼技术,并重点介绍了鱼种放养、鱼病防治、日常管理、水稻栽培等技术措施。     

南美白对虾养殖应重视的几个问题

根据南美白对虾的养殖经验,提出了池塘大小、池水透明度、水质pH值适宜范围和虾苗选择的有关事宜。总结了南美白对虾各个生育期的塘间管理、水质调控、饵料投放等技术以及在养殖过程中应注意的问题及解决办法。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching losses from paddy fields with different water and nitrogen managements

While many water-saving rice production techniques have been adopted in China, the environmental effects of these techniques require further investigation. This study aims to assess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching losses under real conditions in different water and N managements. Two water and three N treatments are conducted in the Taihu Lake region of China. Results show that the total N leaching losses during the rice season under flooding irrigation (FI) are 12.4, 9.31, and 7.17 kg ha⁻¹ for farmers’ fertilization practices (FFP), site-specific N management (SSNM), and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer management (CRN), respectively. Under controlled irrigation (CI), the respective losses were 7.40, 5.86, and 3.79 kg ha⁻¹ for the same management methods. The total P leaching losses during the rice season under FI were 0.939, 0.927, and 0.353 kg ha⁻¹ for FFP, SSNM, and CRN, respectively. Under CI, the losses were 0.424, 0.433, and 0.279 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, for the same management methods. Ammonium and nitrate N accounted for 42.2–65.5% and 11.8–14.7% of the total nitrogen leaching losses under different water and N management methods, respectively. Due to significant decrease of volumes of percolation water and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in percolation water, N and P leaching losses were reduced in the CI treatment compared to the FI treatment under the same N management. The reduction of N input and application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer can reduce N and P leaching losses from paddy fields.     

冬季种养结合对双季稻生长与土壤肥力的影响

【目的】以长江中下游地区冬季休闲稻田为研究对象,研究冬季种养制度对后季稻田土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响,以期为南方稻田生态保育提供理论依据。【方法】设置紫云英养鸡(milk vetch+ chicken, MC)、黑麦草养鸡(ryegrass + chicken, RC)、单种紫云英(milk vetch, M)、单种黑麦草(ryegrass, R)及冬闲(winter fallow, WF) 5个处理。【结果】冬季种养期间,MC和RC两处理水稻产量均显著高于其他处理,且MC处理增产效果最佳。MC和RC两处理能显著提高双季稻田有机质、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,与冬闲相比分别提高了17.36%和22.95%、73.73%和250.48%、76.36%和85.11%、67.89%和70.05%;土壤全磷和速效磷含量以M处理最高;各处理对全钾含量影响不大。相关分析表明,水稻理论产量与成熟期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、全氮、有机质含量显著相关(P<0.05),冬季种养主要通过提高有效穗数影响水稻产量。【结论】与冬闲和单种绿肥相比,绿肥过腹还田有利于土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量的提高;与单种绿肥相比,绿肥过腹还田更有利于水稻分蘖数、叶面积系数和干物质量与稻谷产量的形成,且紫云英养鸡处理效果最显著。冬季种养结合模式下,有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮利于增源扩库,促进水稻增产。因此,冬闲田种养结合可满足后季水稻生长的养分需求,在稻田生态保育的基础上促进水稻增产,对长江中下游地区稻田可持续发展具有极其重要的指导意义。     

Evaluation of pollutant removal in a constructed irrigation pond

A year-long study on the water quality and hydrology was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the pollutant concentrations and pollutant removal in a constructed irrigation pond. The pond is part of a circular irrigation system for paddy fields within Lake Kasumigaura watershed, Japan. The average concentrations of the total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended solids (SS) at the pond outlet were 7.4, 8.6, 0.2, and 18.8 mg L⁻¹, respectively. The average removed loads for the same indices were 0.14, 2.47, 0.11, and 24.2 g m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively. The percentages of pollutant removals from the inflow loads for the same indices were 3, 26, 42, and 63%, respectively. The pond discharged the TN loads of 128 kg due to sediments stirred by operation of a pump for April and May. The average TN removal was 19% from June to August and was smaller than that reported in published literatures (40–50%). Major reasons were considered to be that the turnover of water in the pond was rapid (86% per day) and that the TN concentration of inflow water was relatively low (5.9 mg L⁻¹). The percentages of pollutants that flowed into the pond to the outflow loads from the study site were 6.6, 4.8, 1.6, and 1.1% for TN, COD, TP, and SS loads, respectively. The pollutant removal will be increased if the design of the circular irrigation system is reconsidered to utilize a pollutant removal function in the irrigation pond.     

稻草还田对土壤养分及水稻生物量和产量的影响

稻草还田作为最便捷的水稻秸秆利用方式,对水稻生产和土壤培肥具有重要意义。为探明稻草还田对土壤养分和机插水稻生长的影响,设置稻草还田(HR)和稻草不还田(BR)两个处理,通过测定水稻生育特性和产量等指标,土壤全量养分和速效养分等性状,进行对比试验。结果表明:稻草还田能显著降低机插水稻株高达4.1cm,使每蔸水稻平均增加3.2个有效分蘖,显著增加水稻有效穗数达22.54%,从而显著提高水稻成熟期生物量达18.95%,增加当季水稻产量达18.88%,其中穗部生物量增幅达15.3%。稻草还田显著增加成熟期水稻地上部总氮、磷、钾素积累量,其中穗部氮、磷、钾素积累量增幅分别为13.2、5.2、4.73 kg/hm^2。稻草还田能显著增加种植后土壤碱解氮含量达14.67%。     

Evaluation of the water-quality dynamics in a eutrophic agricultural pond by using a one-box ecosystem model considering several algal groups

The Okubo pond is an agricultural pond located in the Itoshima area of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was constructed for irrigating a nearby cultivated area. A monitoring program from August 11 to November 26, 2008, suggested the risk of eutrophication in the water body. The high total nitrogen concentration (1.34 mg/l), high total phosphorus concentration (0.06 mg/l) and extreme oxygen depletion (2 mg/l on 5 November 2008) exceeded the Japanese standards for paddy irrigation water. Furthermore, luxuriant algal blooming in October indicated a hypereutrophic status according to the OECD (1982) criteria. In this study, a one-box ecosystem model was developed to obtain an insight into the seasonal variations in the algal concentrations and chemical components of the Okubo pond with the aims of protecting its aquatic ecosystem and maintaining its water quality. The model was based on a completely mixed system and included 12 water-quality indices: green algae, blue-green algae, diatoms and dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, zooplankton, particulate organic matter, dissolved organic matter, phosphate–phosphorus, ammonia–nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. The monitoring data were used to verify the model simulation. Model evaluation suggested good agreement between the predicted and the observed data for the seasonal variations in the algal, nutrient, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. To determine the sensitivity of the model parameters, a sensitivity analysis was conducted leading to the conclusion that the optimal temperature, growth rate, and respiratory rate of the four algal groups, especially the ideal temperature for blue-green and green algae are the most influential factors determining the variability affecting the model inference. From the model simulation, the water temperature and nutrient concentration were considered to be the key limiting factors controlling alternative algal blooms in this period.     

Effects of Rice-Fish Co-culture on Oxygen Consumption in Intensive Aquaculture Pond

Rice-fish co-culture has gained increasing attention to remediate the negative environmental impacts induced by intensive aquaculture. However, the effect of rice-fish co-culture on oxygen depletion has rarely been investigated. We constructed a rice-fish co-culture system in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) ponds using a new high-stalk rice variety, and conducted a field experiment to investigate the effect of rice-fish co-culture on water parameters and oxygen consumption. The results showed that rice-fish co-culture reduced the nutrients (total nitrogen, ammonia-N, total phosphorous and potassium) and the dissolved oxygen content in fish and shrimp ponds. However, they showed similar seasonal change of dissolved oxygen in the water of fish and shrimp ponds. Rice-fish co-culture reduced the total amount of oxygen consumption and optimized the oxygen consumption structure in pond. The respiration rates in water and sediment were significantly reduced by 66.1% and 31.7% in the catfish pond, and 64.4% and 38.7% in the shrimp pond, respectively, by additional rice cultivation. Rice-fish co-culture decreased the proportions of respiration in sediment and water, and increased the proportion of fish respiration. These results suggest that rice-fish co-culture is an efficient way to reduce hypoxia in intensive culture pond.     

磷对水稻耐铝性及根尖细胞壁组分的影响

 为阐明外源磷供应引起水稻体内磷代谢和根尖细胞壁组分变化进而阐述磷、铝间的相互作用,以水稻菲优多系1号(耐铝毒基因型)和红良优166(铝毒敏感基因型)为材料,水培条件下先用0.5、10和30 mg/L磷预处理9 d,然后用50 μmol/L Al处理48 h,研究铝毒胁迫下磷对水稻根尖的防护效应及磷作用下根尖细胞壁组分变化与水稻耐铝性的关系。结果表明,50 μmol/L Al处理抑制水稻总根长,尤其是在0.5 mg/L磷预处理后用铝交替处理时该作用更为明显。铝毒胁迫下,0.5 mg/L磷预处理时两基因型水稻叶片的丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量显著高于其他处理,10 mg/L和30 mg/L磷预处理显著降低两基因型水稻叶片的MDA、ASA和Pro含量,表明充足的磷供应减轻了铝对水稻的伤害。耐铝毒水稻根尖的果胶和半纤维素2含量在30 mg/L磷与铝交替处理时显著低于0.5 mg/L 和10 mg/L 磷与铝交替处理,根系的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性在0.5 mg/L磷与铝交替处理时显著高于10 mg/L与30 mg/L磷与铝交替处理。而铝毒敏感水稻的根尖细胞壁多糖组分含量、ACP活性在不同浓度的磷、铝交替处理间无显著差异。表明铝耐性水稻在缺磷条件下通过提高ACP活性以提供更多的Pi与铝结合钝化铝,在磷充足条件下通过降低细胞壁多糖含量以减少铝结合位点,进而提高铝毒耐性。     

不同供镁浓度对芝麻生长及养分累积的影响

 为促进芝麻高产营养与栽培,探讨不同镁浓度对芝麻生长和养分累积的影响。以品种中芝13为材料,设置5个供镁浓度处理（0、50、100、500和1 000μmol/L）,30d后测定不同处理芝麻生物量、根系形态参数、氮磷钾含量等指标。结果显示：不同供镁浓度对芝麻生长有着不同程度的影响,镁在100μmol/L及以下时,芝麻出现缺素症状,表现为植株矮小、老叶失绿黄化,根系生长受阻。芝麻植株生物量随着供镁浓度增加而增加,根系生长对镁浓度的变化尤为敏感,缺镁抑制根系生长。与1 000μmol/L相比,3个缺镁浓度（0、50和100μmol/L）处理下根系干重分别减少97.83%、93.88%和86.65%,且侧根长、侧根数、根表面积、根体积以及根平均直径显著降低。同时,随着镁浓度增加,芝麻叶片和根系中氮、磷、钾累积量显著上升,说明适宜供镁有利于芝麻生长和养分累积。此外,与供镁浓度500μmol/L相比,1 000μmol/L处理下的芝麻植株,叶片与根系中钙的积累量均显著降低,暗示芝麻在钙和镁吸收方面可能存在拮抗关系