小麦籽粒胚乳细胞增殖动态及其与粒重和体积的关系

为了了解小麦在不利气候条件下的灌装机理，改善湖北小麦的产量与品质状况，作者以三种粒型小麦品种(系)为材料，研究了籽粒胚乳细胞增殖动态及其与体积和粒重的关系。结果表明，用Richards方程能较好地模拟胚乳细胞增殖动态。不同品种间胚乳细胞数有明显的差异，表现为大粒饱满品种(鄂恩1号)＞大粒不饱满品系(95A—10)＞小粒饱满品种(华走8号)。强势粒胚乳细胞分裂起始势高，达到最高增殖速率时间短，活跃分裂期长，可分裂出更多的胚乳细胞。弱势粒胚乳细胞增殖起始势低，细胞分裂速率变化缓慢，其最终胚乳细胞数显著低于强势粒。多元统计分析表明，决定籽粒体积大小的主要是胚乳细胞数和单个胚乳细胞大小，决定粒重大小的主要是胚乳细胞数和单个细胞重。     

两种检测小麦DON含量方法的比较与应用

为选育赤霉病毒素含量低的小麦品种,减轻赤霉病危害,在比较了免疫亲和柱液相色谱法(DONtest-HPLC)和气质联用法(GC-MS)测定小麦中毒素含量的特点的基础上,利用两种方法对自然发病和赤霉病菌人工接种的小麦籽粒DON含量进行测定。结果表明,DON test-HPLC方法线性检测下限为0.1 ng.μL-1,在添加0.1~5.0 mg.kg-1DON标准品时,其平均回收率为85.80%;GC-MS方法提高了检测的可靠性,灵敏度更高,其线性检测下限为0.025 ng.μL-1,在添加0.1~10.0 mg.kg-1DON标准品时,其平均回收率为94.68%,而且能够同时检测多种毒素。相关性分析表明,两种方法检测结果相关显著(R2=0.9928)。DON test-HPLC简便、安全,比较适宜于DON含量较低品种或品系大样品的检测。GC-MS更适宜小样品DON及其衍生物含量的检测。     

波兰小麦醇溶蛋白遗传变异分析

为了解波兰小麦物种的遗传变异水平和种内不同材料间的遗传关系,利用APAGE技术对72份来源于全世界的波兰小麦材料醇溶蛋白位点进行了检测。结果表明,波兰小麦醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的变异类型,共产生48条迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,每个材料具有8~24条不等,平均16.2条。材料间平均遗传相似系数(GS)为0.5132,变幅为0.1429~1.000。当GS水平为0.50时,所有材料可聚为4个大类,其中CItr13919等16个来源于埃塞俄比亚的材料均聚在一起,而另一大类为5份来自于葡萄牙的材料。可以认为,APAGE揭示的种内遗传关系与其地理分布有一定的相关性。     

将大赖草种质转移给普通小麦的研究Ⅳ．通过花药培养选育双重二体异附加系和代换-附加系

通过普通小麦“中国春”与抗赤霉病的亲缘物种大赖草杂种回交后代ＢＣ２Ｆ３和自交Ｆ４代的花药培养,获得了７２株花培植株,其中２８株结实。这些株系的株高、穗形和成熟期等性状在Ｈ２系间差异明显,但株系内整齐一致。对２８个Ｈ２代株系进行根尖细胞染色体计数,２５个２ｎ＝４２,１个２ｎ＝４４,２个２ｎ＝４６。通过花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对分析和染色体Ｃ－分带,在Ｈ２代中选育出一个异代换－附加系（２ｎ＝４４）Ｌ０７,两个双重二体异附加系（２ｎ＝４６）Ｌ０３－０５和Ｌ０６。     

Evidence that wheat cultivars differ in their ability to build up inoculum of the take‐all fungus,Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici,under a first wheat crop

The effect of wheat cultivar on the build‐up of take‐all inoculum during a first wheat crop was measured after harvest using a soil core bioassay in field experiments over five growing seasons (2003–2008). Cultivar differences in individual years were explored by analysis of variance and a cross‐season Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML) variance components analysis was used to compare differences in those cultivars present in all years. Differences between cultivars in the build‐up of inoculum were close to or at significance in two of the five trial years (2004 P < 0·05; 2006 P < 0·07), and current commercially listed cultivars were represented at both extremes of the range. In 2007 and 2008, when environmental conditions were most favourable for inoculum build‐up, differences were not significant (P < 0·3). In 2005 the presence of Phialophora spp. at the trial site restricted the build‐up of take‐all inoculum under all cultivars. The cross season REML variance components analysis detected significant differences (range: 3·4–47·8% roots infected in the soil core bioassay; P < 0·01) between the nine cultivars present in all years (excluding 2005). This is the first evidence of relatively consistent differences between hexaploid wheat cultivars in their interactions with the take‐all fungus, and this could give an indication of those cultivars that could be grown as a first wheat crop, in order to reduce the risk of damaging take‐all in a second wheat crop. This phenomenon has been named the take‐all inoculum build‐up (TAB) trait.     

Genotyping Cephalosporium gramineum and development of a marker for molecular diagnosis

This study investigated the genetic variation of 40 isolates of Cephalosporium gramineum, the causal agent of cephalosporium stripe disease of wheat, based on variations in internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and intergenic spacers (IGS) of rDNA. Of the isolates, 29 were from Japan and the rest from the USA and Europe. The ITS region was about 600 bp and almost identical among these isolates. In the IGS region (～5 kbp), restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis detected four genotypes among the 40 isolates. One representative isolate was selected from each of the four genotypes, and the IGS region was sequenced. Attempts to design a genotype‐specific marker based on the size of PCR products amplified with selected primers failed to differentiate among the four genotypes. Alternatively, a species‐specific primer set (CGIGS1 and CGIGS2) was developed that annealed within the conserved region, producing a DNA fragment of about 1·8 kbp. Tests of this primer set on a wide range of other fungi from 11 genera confirmed that it was specific to C. gramineum. This primer set could serve as an effective tool in the molecular diagnosis of C. gramineum and has the potential to assist in a better understanding of the host–pathogen interaction.     

Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

We studied the effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.     

Genetic diversity of Pakistan wheat germplasm as revealed by RAPD markers

Wheat breeding in Pakistan started in 1930s before partition in the United India and so far has released more than 68 cultivars, but no systematic analyses of the genetic diversity of Pakistan wheat have been made. Twenty Pakistan wheat cultivars released from 1933 to 2002 were examined for genetic diversity and relationships using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Forty-two RAPD primers were applied and 184 polymorphic bands were generated for each cultivar. Most of the cultivars were genetically interrelated, although six of them displayed some genetic distinctness. The RAPD variation observed among these cultivars was low. Only 40.7% of the total scorable bands were polymorphic, and 26.1% of the polymorphic bands were observed most frequently (f = 0.95) among the 20 cultivars. The proportions of polymorphic bands for each cultivar ranged from 0.67 in ‘Yecora’ to 0.84 in ‘C-250’ with an average of 0.76. About 1.4% of the RAPD variation might have been fixed over the 69 years of wheat breeding, but such fixation was not statistically significant. These results are significant for future improvement and conservation of Pakistan wheat.     

Analysis of Genetic Variability in a Sample of the Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Spanish Collection Based on Gliadin Markers

In this work gliadin proteins were used to analyse the genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat Spanish collection conserved at the CRF-INIA. In total 38 different alleles were identified at the loci Gli-A1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. All the gliadin loci were polymorphic, possessed large genetic diversity and small and large differentiation within and between varieties, respectively. The Gli-A2 and Gli-B2 loci were the most polymorphic, the most fixed within varieties and the most useful to distinguish among varieties. Alternatively, Gli-B1 locus presented the least genetic variability out of the four main loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. The Gli-B1 alleles coding for the gliadin γ-45, associated with good quality, had an accumulated frequency of 69.7%, showing that the Spanish germplasm could be a good source for breeding quality. The Spanish landraces studied showed new gliadin alleles not catalogued so far. These new alleles might be associated with specific Spanish environment factors. The large number of new alleles identified also indicates that durum wheat Spanish germplasm is rather unique.