基于UPLC同时测定三种小麦赤霉病毒素方法的构建与应用

为测定小麦籽粒中因赤霉病产生的毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN),本研究构建了一种多功能净化柱-超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(multifunctional column-ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, MFC-UPLC-DAD)方法,可同时测定上述三种毒素,对该方法与多功能净化柱-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（multifunctional column-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, MFC-HPLC-DAD）法测定9个小麦品种中上述3种毒素含量的结果进行比较;并用MFC-UPLC-DAD法检测了129份小麦品种(系)的毒素含量。结果显示,MFC-UPLC-DAD法检测三种毒素在检测范围内（0.01~10.00 μg·mL^-1）标准曲线的相关系数均大于0.994;三种毒素的检出限为15~78 μg·kg^-1;回收率在80.25%~118.35%之间,相对标准偏差为0.20%~1.92%;9份小麦品种中,3种毒素含量的测定结果在两种方法间差异均不显著。利用MFC-UPLC-DAD法测定自然发病的129份材料发现,DON毒素与NIV毒素检出率较高,分别为99%和92%;符合限量标准且毒素含量较低的材料共80份。本研究构建的MFC-UPLC-DAD法可同时测定小麦种DON、NIV和ZEN含量,测定结果重复性好,准确度高,可对抗赤霉病育种提供方便。     

江苏省不同麦区小麦品种（系）对赤霉病的抗性及籽粒DON积累分析

为拓宽小麦抗赤霉病育种资源库,收集江苏省淮南和淮北麦区共69份小麦品种（系）,在大田自然发病条件下调查赤霉病的发病情况,同时测定籽粒中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）毒素;并利用抗赤霉病基因Fhb1、Fhb2和Fhb5的功能标记或连锁标记对供试小麦品种（系）进行检测。结果表明,淮北麦区小麦品种（系）的赤霉病发病程度明显高于淮南麦区品种（系）;不同小麦品种（系）籽粒中DON毒素含量与病情指数、病穗率均呈极显著正相关;携带单个或多个抗性基因的小麦品种（系）的病情指数和籽粒DON含量大都有所降低,其中扬大617可能同时携带3个抗性基因（Fhb1+Fhb2+Fhb5）,其病穗率、病情指数及籽粒中DON含量均较低,可作为新的赤霉病抗源加以利用。     

江苏省主推及新育成小麦品种抗赤霉病评价及毒素积累分析

为明确江苏省小麦主推和新育成品种对赤霉病的抗性水平,2018年至2020年采用单花滴注接种和自然发病方法,对280个江苏省小麦品种进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,并对部分自然发病鉴定品种进行了籽粒DON毒素积累分析。结果表明,85个品种对赤霉病达到中抗及以上水平,其中淮南品种60个,淮北品种25个。经连续3年重复鉴定,筛选出18个抗性水平高且稳定的小麦品种,包括16个淮南品种和2个淮北品种。自然发病条件下,病穗率在10%以上的品种中,90%以上表现为中感及感病。不同小麦品种籽粒中DON毒素积累水平差异较大,毒素水平与小麦品种的病情指数呈正相关。综上所述,淮南较淮北品种的赤霉病抗性高,籽粒DON积累量低;人工接种鉴定可以较准确地反映小麦品种的赤霉病抗性;不同小麦品种发病严重程度与DON毒素积累量呈显著正相关。     

赤霉病对陕西省主栽小麦品种品质的影响

为了解赤霉病对小麦脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)毒素水平和品质指标的影响,通过喷雾及单小花滴注接种,田间弥雾保湿,对10个陕西省主栽小麦品种进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定,并对其DON毒素水平和品质相关指标进行了测定。结果表明,病情指数与千粒重呈显著负相关。喷雾接种条件下,对赤霉病表现中抗、中感的品种分别有1个、5个,其千粒重分别下降了2.84%和1.49%~8.20%;病情指数与籽粒、颖壳中的DON毒素含量呈极显著正相关,中抗品种西农511的籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量分别为14.63、24.33和56.15 mg·kg^-1,5个中感品种的籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量平均值分别为21.67、45.35、62.81 mg·kg^-1。单小花滴注接种条件下,筛选出中抗品种3个,中感品种2个,千粒重分别下降了1.38%~12.25%和2.66%~9.51%;平均严重度与籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量呈极显著正相关;3个中抗品种籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量平均分别为15.50、32.44和14.59 mg·kg^-1,2个中感品种籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量平均分别为19.98、33.80和16.41 mg·kg^-1。除苏麦3号外,喷雾接种下麦穗组织中的DON含量高于单小花滴注接种。喷雾接种条件下,病情指数与容重呈显著负相关,与蛋白质(干基)含量呈显著正相关,千粒重与容重呈极显著正相关,与蛋白质(干基)含量、稳定时间呈显著负相关,与沉降值极呈显著负相关。单小花滴注接种条件下,平均严重度、千粒重与品质指标无显著相关性,但赤霉病导致容重、蛋白质(干基)含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、稳定时间、延展性和拉伸面积7项指标不同程度的下降。GGE双标图分析表明,7项指标中除容重外,其余指标关系密切。西农3517、西农899和西农511的综合品质表现较优。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦真菌毒素污染防控及农药残留风险评估分析

为了解不同杀菌剂及施药次数对小麦赤霉病所造成的真菌毒素防控效果及所用杀菌剂带来的潜在安全问题,对信阳、襄阳两地区小麦主栽品种连续两年分别喷施不同种类、不同次数的杀菌剂,通过LC-MS/MS测定小麦中真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及各杀菌剂残留量,分析不同杀菌剂对小麦中DON累积量的影响,并对小麦籽粒中杀菌剂的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,4种杀菌剂(50%多菌灵WP、25%氰烯菌酯SC、25%咪鲜胺EC、70%甲基托布津WP)均能不同程度降低小麦中DON含量。随着施药次数的增加小麦中DON含量呈下降趋势(除多菌灵外)。喷施50%多菌灵1次小麦籽粒中DON含量明显增加,较对照增加7%(信阳)、18%(襄阳),当喷施次数增加至2、3、4次,籽粒中DON累积量分别降至对照的55%～65%、24%～39%及20%～27%。25%咪鲜胺EC喷施3次后籽粒中DON含量较对照显著降低(P0.05),继续增加喷施次数,DON含量并未显著降低。25%氰烯菌酯SC对DON防控效果最佳,喷施1、2、3、4次小麦籽粒中DON毒素降至对照的42%～58%、29%～49%、12%～21%及6%～10%。喷施70%甲基托布津WP对籽粒中DON的影响与25%氰烯菌酯SC效果相差不大,喷施4次可使DON降至6%～12%。4种杀菌剂在小麦籽粒中的残留量均随施药次数的增加而增加。其中多菌灵的残留量最大,当施药4次后,信阳、襄阳两地小麦中多菌灵残留量分别为502.54μg·kg~(-1)、547.38μg·kg~(-1),均超过国家粮食安全限量水平,而其余三种农药残留量较低,均在安全限量范围内。研究结果还发现,小麦籽粒中的杀菌剂残留量与毒素DON的累积水平呈现一定程度的负相关性,施药次数与其残留量成正相关关系。因而,长江流域及江淮地区等小麦赤霉病易流行地区,建议于小麦扬花期及时喷施2～3次防控效果良好的杀菌剂,既能达到防控真菌毒素污染又可避免杀菌剂残留过高带来的安全隐患,以保证小麦安全生产。     

小麦赤霉菌毒素合成机制及检测技术研究进展

赤霉病的发生不仅会导致小麦严重减产,其病原菌产生的DON、NIV等毒素也会污染小麦籽粒,对人畜健康造成严重威胁,因此研发小麦赤霉病及赤霉菌毒素的监测与防控技术是小麦生产与消费领域的核心议题。本文从细胞、遗传、生化等角度全面综述了小麦赤霉菌毒素合成、转运和调控的分子机制,介绍了目前主流的赤霉菌毒素检测技术,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了系统比较。以上研究进展可启发赤霉菌毒素监测防控新技术的出现,有利于保障粮食供给和食品安全。     

不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂在小麦赤霉病及呕吐毒素防治中的作用

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol， DON），又名呕吐毒素，是由引起小麦赤霉病的镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）产生的一种单端孢霉烯族毒素。为研究不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂对小麦赤霉病及DON的防治效果，分别使用单药剂及其复配制剂进行田间药剂试验，并使用液相色谱串联质谱检测麦粒中DON的含量。2014年在江苏姜堰、建湖和六合3地进行的单药剂试验结果显示，25%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂（SC）、25%氰烯菌酯SC、30%戊唑醇SC和25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）对赤霉病和DON均有防效，20%嘧菌酯可分散粒剂（WG）的赤霉病防效较差，对DON无防效。25%丙硫菌唑SC较其他4种药剂具有更好的防效，并且在3个试验点效果稳定。2015年在江苏姜堰进行的单药剂及其复配制剂药效试验结果显示，75%百菌清·戊唑醇WP、25%丙硫菌唑SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC和48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇SC 4种药剂的赤霉病和DON防效较好，防治后的小麦DON含量均小于1 000 μg·kg^-1，符合国家限量标准，与其他药剂差异显著（P<0.05），DON防效均大于70%，分别为76.3%、75.6%、73.6%和72.2%。病情指数、病穗率与DON含量之间的相关性分析结果表明，病情指数与DON含量之间存在显著的正相关（r=0.628，P=0.022），病穗率与DON含量之间无显著相关性（r=0.400，P=0.176）。     

利用Affymetrix芯片分析DON诱导抗赤霉病小麦品种望水白的基因表达谱

中国小麦地方品种望水白不但高抗赤霉病,而且其籽粒中DON(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,被认为是赤霉病的致病因子)含量也低.为了研究望水白低DON含量的分子机制,利用Affymetrix小麦基因芯片对望水白受DON诱导调控的基因进行高通量的检测,以DON诱导后12 h和24 h混合样品作为处理组,水处理做为对照.总共检测到差异表达的基因1 114个,其中上调表达的基因有949个,下调基因165个.在上调表达基因中,推断有功能的基因涉及转录因子、信号蛋白、着丝粒蛋白以及与病程相关的基因,如:腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白,谷胱甘酞转移酶、细胞色素P450酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、葡萄糖基转移酶以及抗病蛋白等.对上调表达中的部分基因进行RT-PCR分析,证实它们都受DON诱导上调表达,与芯片检测结果吻合.     

维生素E对小麦赤霉病菌呕吐毒素积累的调控效应

赤霉病主要由禾谷镰刀菌引起，该菌侵染小麦后会在籽粒中积累脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）等毒素，造成小麦细胞的氧化损伤，并损害人畜健康。为了揭示抗氧化剂维生素E对DON积累的影响，在活体条件下，通过双花滴注法在小麦扬花期同时接种维生素E溶液和禾谷镰刀菌菌液，测定病小穗率，并在小麦成熟期利用LC-MS测定籽粒中的DON含量；离体条件下，在PDA和TBI培养基中分别添加维生素E，测定培养基中禾谷镰刀菌菌丝的生长速率、DON含量和DON合成关键基因 Tri5的表达量。结果表明，活体条件下，维生素E负调控DON的积累，但不能阻止病原菌在穗部扩展；离体条件下，与对照相比，添加维生素E对禾谷镰刀菌的生长、产毒及 Tri5基因的表达均无显著影响。活体条件下，维生素E负调控毒素，可能是通过调控寄主小麦中相关基因的表达而间接调控禾谷镰刀菌产毒相关基因的表达，该结果可为维生素E在小麦DON防控方面的利用提供参考。     

酶联免疫法测定土壤中莠去津

用定量酶联免疫法对土壤中莠去津的残留进行初筛,然后对阳性样品用气相色谱-质谱法进行确证,并对两种方法的回收率、精密度及检测限进行评价.向土壤样品中分别添加0.3、1.0、3.0μg/kg浓度水平的莠去津标准品时,ELISA的平均回收率为92.20%～97.14%,变异系数为1.69%～4.11%,检测限为0.04μg/kg;GC-MS的平均回收率为85.46%～87.68%,变异系数为2.93%～4.05%.检测限为0.03μg/kg.对酶联免疫试荆盒筛选的3个阳性样品用GC-MS进行确证,测定结果基本一致,结果满意.研究表明酶联免疫法重复性好、准确度较高,是一种土壤中莠去津残留的快速筛选方法.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.