不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病药效试验示范

小麦赤霉病是小麦生产上重要的病害之一,严重影响着小麦的产量与品质。为了筛选出防治小麦赤霉病高效经济的新药剂,本研究对多种药剂进行了药效试验示范。结果表明,喷施40%丙硫戊唑醇SC和25%氰烯菌酯SC各1遍及喷施2遍75%丙硫菌唑DF对小麦赤霉病防效较好。其中,40%丙硫戊唑醇SC(第1遍)+25%氰烯菌酯SC(第2遍)处理病穗率防效达94.50%,病指防效达95.93%;75%丙硫菌唑DF处理病穗率防效达83.96%,病指防效达95.79%。上述试验药剂均对小麦安全。     

几种杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防效比较

通过对48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇、32%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇、10%吡唑醚菌酯·戊唑醇等几种杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防效进行比较,结果表明:32%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇对小麦赤霉病的防效最好,而且小麦色泽金黄,颖枯很少;而生物制剂木霉菌和10%吡唑醚菌酯·戊唑醇对小麦赤霉病的防效差。10%井冈霉素对氰烯菌酯与戊唑醇的复配配方有一定增效作用,48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇SC 40 mL/667 m~2的防效略好于25%氰烯菌酯SC 100 mL/667 m~2+43%戊唑醇SC 20 mL/667 m~2复配的防效,48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇SC 60 mL/667 m~2的防效明显好于25%氰烯菌酯SC 100 mL/667 m~2+43%戊唑醇SC 20 mL/667 m~2复配的防效。另外,常规使用的配方40%多菌灵SC 130 mL/667 m~2+43%戊唑醇SC 20 mL/667 m~2和25%氰烯菌酯SC 100 mL/667 m~2+43%戊唑醇SC 20mL/667 m~2之间防效差异不大。     

不同杀菌剂在麦穗中的消解动态及对小麦赤霉病防效评估

为探明不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON的防效,分别检测6种杀菌剂对亚洲镰刀菌（F.asiaticum）的室内毒力,采用超高效液相色谱－串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）分别检测、分析了6种杀菌剂施药1次和2次在麦穗中的消解动态及其对小麦赤霉病和籽粒DON的防效。结果表明,6种杀菌剂对亚洲镰刀菌菌丝生长抑制度表现为咪鲜胺>戊唑醇>氰烯菌酯>氟唑菌酰羟胺>吡唑醚菌酯>嘧菌酯。6种杀菌剂在麦穗中消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,50%咪鲜胺WP、430 g·L^-1戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC、200 g·L^-1氟唑菌酰羟胺SC、250 g·L^-1吡唑醚菌酯EC和250 g·L^-1嘧菌酯SC施药1次消解半衰期分别为2.081 5、3.094 4、2.365 7、3.026 8、3.209 0和3.136 4 d,施药2次消解半衰期分别为2.044 7、3.332 4、2.529 7、3.397 8、3.300 7和3.179 6 d。200 g·L^-1氟唑菌酰羟胺SC施药1次和2次病指防效分别为85.96%和94.88%,DON防效分别为81.43%和88.91%。430 g·L^-1戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC和50%咪鲜胺WP施药1次和2次病指防效分别为61.48%~73.62%和75.33%~86.15%,DON防效分别为53.88%~69.70%和60.09%~79.45%。250 g·L^-1吡唑醚菌酯EC和250 g·L^-1嘧菌酯SC施药1次病指防效分别为63.76%和50.47%,DON防效分别为41.03%和-28.95%;施药2次病指防效分别为79.51%和61.10%,DON防效分别为52.75%和-18.08%。综上所述,氟唑菌酰羟胺对赤霉病和籽粒DON防效最佳,而吡唑醚菌酯和嘧菌酯对小麦赤霉病和籽粒DON防效不突出,甚至增加毒素污染。     

不同药剂处理对小麦赤霉病药效和保绿防衰效果试验

受耕作制度调整等因素影响,江苏省盐城市盐都区小麦赤霉病的流行频率上升,且赤霉病菌对多菌灵及其复配剂抗性增强。目前生产上防治小麦赤霉病的药剂品种较多,防效差异大。本研究对市场上常用的8大类杀菌剂及其复配剂防治赤霉病的药效和保绿防衰效果进行试验,结果表明:在单剂中,用三唑类80%戊唑醇WP 22.5 g/667 m~2、三唑硫酮类25%丙硫菌唑SC 50mL/667 m~2的防效在70%以上;在复配剂中,48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇SC 60 mL/667 m~2、15%氯啶·戊唑醇SC 100 mL/667 m~2、75%肟菌·戊唑醇WDG 20 g/667 m~2、28%烯肟·多菌灵WP 100 g/667 m~2、15%丙硫·戊唑醇SC 120 mL/667 m~2这5个处理的防效在70%以上,同时三唑类杀菌剂戊唑醇及其复配剂、三唑硫酮类杀菌剂丙硫菌唑表现出良好的保绿防衰效果,绿叶指数在80%以上,可延长小麦剑叶绿色时间2 d左右,千粒质量增加,增产效果明显。     

杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺等对小麦赤霉病防效的比较

通过对20%氟唑菌酰羟胺SC、30%丙硫菌唑OD等几种杀菌剂配方及不同生育期施药对小麦赤霉病的防效进行比较,结果表明,30%丙硫菌唑OD 40 m L/667 m2+43%戊唑醇SC 20 m L/667 m2和20%氟唑菌酰羟胺SC 40 m L/667 m2+43%戊唑醇SC20 m L/667 m2这2个药剂配方于扬花初期、盛期各施药1次对小麦赤霉病的防效最好,而且小麦色泽金黄,锈病和颖枯都几乎没有发生;其次是40%丙硫·戊唑醇SC 50 m L/667 m2和20%氟唑菌酰羟胺SC 70 m L/667 m2这2个药剂配方于扬花初期、盛期各施药1次,防效也很好;但在小麦扬花期间只施药1次的防效均较差。30%丙硫菌唑、20%氟唑菌酰羟胺减量后和43%戊唑醇复配均能提高对赤霉病的防治效果,而且能兼治锈病。     

几种杀菌剂对水稻叶瘟和穗颈瘟的防效比较

穗颈瘟是水稻的主要病害之一,大发生时可引起水稻的大幅减产。近年来水稻灌浆期间天气十分利于其发病,加上长期使用三环唑,虽用药频繁,但防治效果却不理想,因此有必要筛选出更高效的杀菌剂。本文收集了几种新药剂及新结构化合物,以期可以筛选出比现在常用杀菌剂三环唑有更好效果的农药新品种。结果表明:对叶瘟防效最好的为27%三环己唑醇SC,达74.76%;其次为常规对照药剂75%三环唑WP(64.53%)和35%氟唑嘧菌酯SC(64.41%),病指防效超过60%的还有32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯SC(62.51%)和40%富士一号EC(61.95%);最差的是20%稻瘟酰胺SC,仅为28.5%。对穗颈瘟防效最好的是25%烯肟菌胺三环唑SC,防效达100%;其次为25%吡唑醚菌酯SC(99.25%)和75%三环唑WP+43%戊唑醇WP(98.11%);防效在90%以上的还有10%嘧菌酯SC(95.85%)、9%吡唑醚菌酯SC(94.72%)、20%稻瘟酰胺SC(93.96%)、32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯SC(92.45%)、75%肟菌酯戊唑醇WG(92.08%)、27%三环己唑醇SC(91.7%)和40%富士一号EC(90.57%);防效最差的是常规对照药剂75%三环唑WP,为72.08%。     

江苏省不同麦区小麦品种（系）对赤霉病的抗性及籽粒DON积累分析

为拓宽小麦抗赤霉病育种资源库，收集江苏省淮南和淮北麦区共69份小麦品种（系），在大田自然发病条件下调查赤霉病的发病情况，同时测定籽粒中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）毒素；并利用抗赤霉病基因Fhb1、Fhb2和Fhb5的功能标记或连锁标记对供试小麦品种（系）进行检测。结果表明，淮北麦区小麦品种（系）的赤霉病发病程度明显高于淮南麦区品种（系）；不同小麦品种（系）籽粒中DON毒素含量与病情指数、病穗率均呈极显著正相关；携带单个或多个抗性基因的小麦品种（系）的病情指数和籽粒DON含量大都有所降低，其中扬大617可能同时携带3个抗性基因（Fhb1+Fhb2+Fhb5），其病穗率、病情指数及籽粒中DON含量均较低，可作为新的赤霉病抗源加以利用。     

2019年浙江省部分地区小麦赤霉病菌种群组成及其对杀菌剂的敏感性调查

为了解2019年浙江省小麦赤霉病菌的种群组成及其对杀菌剂的敏感性,调查了浙江省3个地区（杭州市萧山区、杭州市桐庐县、宁波市象山县）麦田的稻桩带菌率和小麦病穗率,利用PCR和DNA测序技术鉴定病菌的种群组成。结果显示,3月份3个地区田间稻桩的赤霉病菌子囊壳携带率为26.4%～55.4%,其释放的子囊孢子能正常萌发长出菌丝并快速形成菌落;小麦田间3月份空气中赤霉病菌游动孢子数量最多,4-5月份数量有所下降;田间小麦于4月份中旬开始出现病穗,4月下旬病穗率快速攀升;从386个分离菌株中随机选择的32个菌株均被鉴定为亚洲镰孢菌(Fusarium asiaticum);72个菌株被认定为多菌灵（10 mg·L_-1）抗性菌株,约占分离菌株的18.65%。采用菌丝生长速率法检测16个分离菌株对杀菌药剂的敏感性,发现75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂和30%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂对分离菌株的EC₅₀值（有效抑制中浓度）均低于5.0 mg·L_-1,40%戊唑·咪鲜胺微乳剂和25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂对分离菌株的EC₅₀值均低于2.0 μL·L_-1,表明上述4种药剂的抑菌效果均良好;进一步对这4种杀菌药剂进行两两混配,检测对16个分离菌株的抑菌效果,发现混配方案“75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂”+“30%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂”对分离菌株的抑菌效果最强。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦真菌毒素污染防控及农药残留风险评估分析

为了解不同杀菌剂及施药次数对小麦赤霉病所造成的真菌毒素防控效果及所用杀菌剂带来的潜在安全问题,对信阳、襄阳两地区小麦主栽品种连续两年分别喷施不同种类、不同次数的杀菌剂,通过LC-MS/MS测定小麦中真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及各杀菌剂残留量,分析不同杀菌剂对小麦中DON累积量的影响,并对小麦籽粒中杀菌剂的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,4种杀菌剂(50%多菌灵WP、25%氰烯菌酯SC、25%咪鲜胺EC、70%甲基托布津WP)均能不同程度降低小麦中DON含量。随着施药次数的增加小麦中DON含量呈下降趋势(除多菌灵外)。喷施50%多菌灵1次小麦籽粒中DON含量明显增加,较对照增加7%(信阳)、18%(襄阳),当喷施次数增加至2、3、4次,籽粒中DON累积量分别降至对照的55%～65%、24%～39%及20%～27%。25%咪鲜胺EC喷施3次后籽粒中DON含量较对照显著降低(P0.05),继续增加喷施次数,DON含量并未显著降低。25%氰烯菌酯SC对DON防控效果最佳,喷施1、2、3、4次小麦籽粒中DON毒素降至对照的42%～58%、29%～49%、12%～21%及6%～10%。喷施70%甲基托布津WP对籽粒中DON的影响与25%氰烯菌酯SC效果相差不大,喷施4次可使DON降至6%～12%。4种杀菌剂在小麦籽粒中的残留量均随施药次数的增加而增加。其中多菌灵的残留量最大,当施药4次后,信阳、襄阳两地小麦中多菌灵残留量分别为502.54μg·kg~(-1)、547.38μg·kg~(-1),均超过国家粮食安全限量水平,而其余三种农药残留量较低,均在安全限量范围内。研究结果还发现,小麦籽粒中的杀菌剂残留量与毒素DON的累积水平呈现一定程度的负相关性,施药次数与其残留量成正相关关系。因而,长江流域及江淮地区等小麦赤霉病易流行地区,建议于小麦扬花期及时喷施2～3次防控效果良好的杀菌剂,既能达到防控真菌毒素污染又可避免杀菌剂残留过高带来的安全隐患,以保证小麦安全生产。     

几种药剂对小麦赤霉病的防效试验

为改善当前小麦赤霉病防治中多菌灵过量使用的现状,对市场上推广的几种杀菌剂进行了小麦赤霉病的防效试验。结果表明:药后28 d,除40%戊福120 m L/667 m2处理对小麦赤霉病病穗和病指防效低于40%多菌灵120 m L/667 m2处理外,其他处理防效均高于对照药剂,48%氰烯·戊唑醇80 m L/667 m2和60 m L/667 m2对小麦赤霉病病穗和病指防效均较佳,药后21 d防效在90%左右,药后28 d防治效果亦明显高于对照药剂。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.