Fortification of Bread Wheat Using Synthesized Zn-Glycine and Zn-Alanine Chelates in Comparison with ZnSO4 in a Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

Calcareous soils typically suffer from zinc deficiency and zinc sulfate is incorporated in many cultivated soils. Utilization of ZnSO₄ has some kinds of interaction with soil particles and organic matter. In this study, the efficacy of two znic(Zn)-amino acid chelates (Zn-ACs) i.e., Zn-alanine (Zn-Ala) and Zn-glycine (Zn-Gly) on wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. N91-8) growth characteristics and zinc concentration in wheat was examined under greenhouse conditions and compared to the a commercial ZnSO₄. Results showed that Zn-Ala and Zn-Gly significantly increased the dry weight and shoot length of wheat in comparison to ZnSO₄ treatment. Soil application of Zn-Amino acid chelates proved to be the most influential source of zinc in increasing wheat growth and yield indices. Number of fertile spikelet and grain yield increased significantly respectively compared to ZnSO₄ treatment. Zn concentration and protein content of wheat grain in Zn-ACs treatment was significantly higher than the ZnSO₄ treatment. Soil application of Zn-ACs caused a significant decrease in the grain phytic acid (PA) concentration and also phytic acid to zinc molar ratio in comparison with ZnSO₄ treatment. According to the results, Zn-ACs could be utilized as a zinc fertilizer source for improving the zinc bioavailability in wheat.     

人工老化对小麦种子活力及醇溶蛋白组成的影响

为揭示种子活力与醇溶蛋白组成变化的关系,以小麦品种百农矮抗58、周麦18、新麦208、郑麦9023和杂交小麦(BNS/05525)为材料,高温(43±1)℃、高湿(95％相对湿度)老化处理0,4,6,9,12,15d和20 d,对老化处理种子的活力及醇溶蛋白组成进行了分析.结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,小麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数逐渐降低,老化20 d的小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均降为0,种子活力丧失.在同一老化程度下,杂交小麦种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均高于百农矮抗58、周麦18、新麦208、郑麦9023,说明杂交小麦的抗老化能力较强;电导率在种子老化的0～12 d内变化较小,种子老化到15d时电导率迅速升高;5个小麦品种种子老化20 d后,发芽率从100％下降到0,醇溶蛋白的表达均出现了带型的变化,ω区醇溶蛋白出现了谱带的丢失、新蛋白的增加及蛋白表达量的上升和下降.种子活力丧失与蛋白的丢失、新谱带的产生都是在同一时间(种子老化20 d),说明种子活力的丧失与ω区域醇溶蛋白的消失和新增加的蛋白质有关;种子老化程度的加剧,导致了某些存活能力差的基因型消失,消失的基因可能与种子活力的表达相关.     

基于高光谱特征参数的冬小麦氮营养指数估算

为了实现快速高精度获取冬小麦氮营养指数的高光谱监测技术，利用美国SVC HR-1024I型野外光谱辐射仪对2017-2019年关中地区的冬小麦进行遥感监测，获取“三边”参数、任意两波段光谱指数和植被指数，通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法筛选冬小麦氮营养指数的敏感光谱参数，结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林算法(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和梯度增强回归(GBDT)建立冬小麦氮营养指数模型，并对模型估算精度进行验证。结果表明，从拔节期到灌浆期，各时期的氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数均呈极显著相关，其中拔节期氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数相关性均高于其他时期，且基于一阶导数光谱的归一化光谱指数和比值光谱指数与氮营养指数的相关系数最大，为0.66。拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数预测模型的决定系数(r²)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.96和0.05,模型验证的r²、RMSE和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.95、0.12和2.12,模型预测精度最高。因此，拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数估算模型可用于冬小麦氮营养监测...     

酸改性麦麸挂面配方的研究

为改善挂面制品的营养保健功能,研发谷物加工副产物的深加工产品,将经过超声波-酸解法改性处理后的麦麸粉添加到面粉中用于制作酸改性麦麸挂面。通过单因素试验及正交试验优化确定酸改性麦麸挂面的最优配方。结果表明,在面粉100 g的基础上,酸改性麦麸粉添加量为6%（相当于面粉质量的百分比）、水添加量为56%、食盐添加量为3.5%、食碱添加量为0.4%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量为0.4%,此条件下制得的挂面品质良好,且外观、适口性较好。     

A conceptual model of farmers' decision-making process for nitrogen fertilization and irrigation of durum wheat

With a 2 millions of tons production, France is the second country in the European Union to produce durum wheat. Durum wheat production requires high grain nitrogen concentration. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization must be managed simultaneously to maximize grain yield and also avoid low protein concentration and environmental impacts. To help advisors and farmers to better manage together these two agricultural operations and to develop innovative managements, developing a biodecisional model is an interesting possibility. However, knowledge is still missing on how farmers already managed these operations and how these two operations are linked. We developed the conceptual model for the decision part of this computer model. We performed a survey of 28 farmers conducted over the five French production areas investigating a diversity of growing conditions to identify the set of possible constraints and farmers' decision rules. To analyze the survey, we first used a general inductive approach on individual cases and then built a conceptual model of the decision with a bottom-up approach. We identified four decision sequences for fertilization (N splitting, choice of N fertilizer, rate of application, fertilization triggering) and five for irrigation (irrigation period, anticipated number of irrigation cycles, irrigation cycles organization, irrigation triggering and irrigation cycle specificities). For each operation, the first three decision sequences refer to strategic decisions. The other decision sequences refer to tactical decisions. Coupling this model with a crop model could provide guidelines for managing durum wheat in the current climatic and economic changing context.     

不同春小麦品种耐低磷性评价及种质筛选

筛选磷高效作物是充分利用土壤磷素和减少磷肥施用量的重要手段。本研究以162份春小麦种质资源为材料,对其苗期的株高、总根长、根表面积等8个指标的耐低磷系数进行分析,采用隶属函数法综合评价春小麦苗期的耐低磷特性,初步筛选耐低磷材料,并进一步进行成株期的耐低磷特性鉴定,筛选出耐低磷材料和磷敏感材料,分析其在低磷下酸性磷酸酶的活性变化。结果表明,低磷胁迫下春小麦材料苗期和成株期的各性状均受到不同程度的影响,并随着胁迫程度的增加,小麦生长受抑制程度增强。通过主成分分析将苗期8个指标转化成4个综合指标(累计贡献率为82.60%),将成株期的10个指标转化为3个综合指标(累计贡献率为83.23%);采用隶属函数法计算耐低磷综合评价值(D)值,对D值进行聚类分析,将苗期的162份春小麦种质资源划分为耐低磷型(10份)、较耐低磷型(26份)、低磷较敏感型(91份)、低磷敏感型(35份)4类。选取耐低磷型材料(5份)和低磷敏感型材料(4份),进一步进行成株期鉴定,最终筛选1份耐低磷材料wp-35和1份磷敏感材料wp-119。通过分析其酸性磷酸酶活性,发现在低磷胁迫下春小麦根系和叶片中的酸性磷酸酶活性均升高,且耐低磷材料的酸性磷酸酶活性高于磷敏感材料。本研究结果可为解析春小麦耐低磷特性、培育耐低磷品种提供种质资源和理论依据。     

长期定位施不同氮源有机肥替代部分含氮化肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

在陇东黄土旱塬覆盖黑垆土大田,利用陇鉴301进行了连续10年的定位试验,观测长期施用不同氮源有机肥(发酵有机肥、农家肥)或小麦秸秆还田各处理对冬小麦产量相关性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果显示,小麦产量和水分利用效率年际间变化较大,与降雨量有直接关系;不同有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥处理对提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率具有明显作用。在干旱、平水和丰水年型,较不施肥对照分别增产53.1%~103.7%、40.3%~79.3%和73.1%~94.8%,较单施化肥对照分别增产6.6%~41.8%、7.0%~36.8%和-2.9%~9.3%。以发酵有机肥做替代物处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,增产幅度最大,10年平均产量较不施肥和单施化肥对照分别增加88.9%和25.4%,水分利用效率和边际水分利用率也最高,分别为10.8 kg mm~(-1) hm~(-2)和1.03 kg m~(-3);并且产量构成因素和植株生理指标也优于其他处理。因此,发酵有机肥是陇东半湿润偏旱雨养农业区(年降水量约550 mm)冬小麦生产上替代部分含氮化肥的首选有机氮源。     

Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.