Comparative analysis of genetic effects of wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL

Wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, confer high resistance to wheat powdery mildew. For better understanding of the difference in genetic effect between them, a RIL population was constructed based on the cross between “Yangmai 18” carrying T6V#2S·6AL and “Yangmai 22” carrying T6V#4S·6DL. Analysis of distribution of the translocations showed that T6V#2S·6AL is much more transmittable than T6V#4S·6DL. By comparing their effects on main agronomic traits, we firstly found that T6V#2S·6AL contributes greatly to top spikelet fecundity, but causes a decrease of 6.7%–10.5% of spike number. No stable effects of T6V#4S·6DL on agronomic traits were found, except for positive effect on plant height. Excitingly, a new recombinant, T6V#4S‐6V#2S·6AL carrying PmV, was screened and proved to have a higher transmission rate than the original translocation T6V#4S·6DL, which will greatly promote the utilization of PmV. The above conclusions of this research will provide important guidance for utilization of Pm21 and PmV more effectively, in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.     

Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.     

基于热力学定律的太阳能利用探究

本文对太阳能的起源、传播、与物质的相互作用以及储存和利用等各个方面所涉及的物理学定律,特别是对太阳能热利用所涉及的热力学定律进行了概括和归纳。根据热力学定律指出太阳能热利用的真正适用范围。     

Immobilization of yeast cells with polymeric carrier cross-linked using radiation technique

Various compositions of 2-hydroxyethacrylate (HEA) and methoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate (M23G) monomers were irradiated by gamma-rays at low temperature (-78 degrees C) to synthesize polymer carriers for effectively immobilizing yeast cells. The yeast cells were immobilized by cell adhesion onto/in these polymers. The ethanol productivity of immobilized yeast cells with the polymer carriers was higher than that of free cells, increasing by 1-3 times. However, the ethanol productivity of immobilized yeast with the polymer carrier resulting from 7%/7% (HEA/M23G) monomer was low, comparatively. The effect of adding cross-linking reagent (4G) to the low concentration of HEA/M23G monomers on the activity of yeast cells immobilized with the cross-linked carriers by radiation polymerization was investigated. The ethanol productivity of immobilized cells with the carriers, which were cross-linked by adding 3-6% 4G to the low concentration of HEA/M23G monomer, was increased by 20-30%, because the pore size, network structure, and mechanical strength of the polymer carriers was well adjusted and cell leakage from the polymer carriers decreased. The relationship between the ethanol productivity of immobilized yeast cells and the interior structure of polymer carriers is discussed and indicated that the interior structure of polymer carriers is crucial for effective immobilization of yeast cells.     

柴达木盆地沙丘移动的空间分异及对形态参数的响应

研究沙丘移动规律与空间分异特征有助于准确了解风沙活动的危害程度,为区域城镇规划和青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设提供参考。该研究基于GoogleEarth软件测量横向沙丘的形态参数与移动速度,分析了移动速度与方向的空间分异特征,以及移动速度对形态参数的响应。结果表明,1)柴达木盆地内沙丘移动速度介于0～23.53 m/a之间,平均4.66 m/a,以中速(1～5 m/a)为主(53.73%),中部移动最快(5.22±4.27 m/a),东南部最慢(3.27±3.08 m/a),移动方向与主风向一致;2)沙丘移动速度与宽度的相关性最好(R~2=0.988),以后的研究中需多关注沙丘宽度这一参数;3)从柴达木盆地整体看,降水量越大、风速越低,沙丘移动越慢;从局部看,植被覆盖度越大,沙丘移动越慢;4)密集的河流可阻挡沙丘移动,保护格尔木市区,但不能消除沙丘移动的威胁。     

日粮能量水平对肥育猪肌内脂肪含量、肌内和皮下脂肪组织脂肪酸组成的影响

以添加豆油方式提高日粮能量水平,研究其对肥育猪肌内脂肪(IMF)含量、肌内和皮下脂肪的脂肪酸组成的影响.36头杜长大母猪(平均体质量约40 kg)随机平均分为3组,分别饲喂3种能量水平(DE=12.82、14.24、15.66 MJ·kg-1,主要以添加豆油来提高日粮能量水平)的日粮.达到屠宰体质量(约90 kg)时每组屠宰5头,采取背最长肌和背部皮下脂肪,测定背最长肌IMF含量、肌内和皮下脂肪组织的脂肪酸组成.结果表明:不同能量水平日粮对IMF含量影响不显著(P>0.05);肌内和皮下脂肪的大部分饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量随着日粮能量水平的提高而显著下降(P<0.05),大部分多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量随着日粮能量水平的提高而显著增加(P<0.05);IMF中PUFA(包括C18:3n6、C20:0、C20.4n6、C22:5n3)和C24:1的含量与IMF含量呈显著负相关;肌内和皮下脂肪组织中的大部分脂肪酸呈显著正相关,而少数脂肪酸(包括C18:3n6、CLA-c9t11、C20:0、C20:4n6、C22:5n3和C24:1)在2个组织中没有显著相关性;总体上看,2组织中的SFA、MUFA之间呈显著正相关,与PUFA呈显著负相关,PUFA之间呈显著正相关.本研究表明以添加豆油的方式提高日粮能苘量水平可以在不降低IMF含量的前提下改善猪肉的脂肪酸组成,从而提高猪肉的营养价值而不降低肉质.     

不同氮素形态配比对网纹甜瓜干物质分配和氮代谢的影响

该文研究了4种氮素形态配比(NO3--N∶NH4 -N分别为100∶0,75∶25,50∶50和25∶75)对基质栽培网纹甜瓜(品种为“春丽”和“蜜玲珑”)干物质积累和氮代谢的影响。结果表明,不同氮素形态配比影响了植株各器官干重占全株干重的百分比。随氮素形态中氨态氮比例的增加,叶片中硝酸还原酶、硝酸盐含量和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而游离氨基酸含量则在NO3--N∶NH4 -N为50∶50的处理中最高。     

长江流域棉花机械化生产现状与发展建议

近年来长江流域棉花种植面积与总产持续下降，生产成本逐年上升，价格连续下滑。棉花机械化生产远远落后于国外，在机采棉的研究上进展不大。棉花品质越来越难以满足社会生产和发展的需求。为了在棉花产业上推动长江经济带高质量发展，亟需推进棉花产业供给侧结构性改革，同步实现棉花生产生态优先、提质增效。本文从棉花生产成本、种植模式、机械化生产方面，分析长江流域棉花机械化生产现状、趋势以及存在问题，提出了长江流域棉花机械化生产发展的建议。     

不同腌制方法对蕨菜主要化学指标的影响

蕨菜腌制过程中若干化学指标的变化，结果表明：经过腌制，蕨菜中ＶＣ和叶绿素含量显著下降，饱和盐水法腌制蕨菜两项指标高于干腌法；饱和盐水法和干腌法的亚硝峰出现分别在腌制后的１０５ｄ和１２０ｄ，峰值为４．０μｇ．ｇ－１和２１．４μｇ．ｇ－１，两种腌制方法的蕨菜ｐＨ值在７月份均因轻微发酵作用有所下降，但并未影响蕨菜的风味；饱和盐水法腌制的蕨菜食盐含量在前１５ｄ迅速增加，６０ｄ达到平衡。从感官状态看，饱和盐水法的蕨菜组织较饱满，色泽黄绿，而干腌法的蕨菜表面皱缩，色泽褐绿；综合感官和化学指标以饱和盐水法腌制的蕨菜品质好于干腌法。     

VA菌根菌对茶树矿质营养的效应及其机理研究

对辐照灭菌的酸性黄壤（ＰＨ值５．６）中的茶苗（Ｃａｍｅｌｌｉａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）接种ＶＡ菌根真菌（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｅｐｉｇａｅｕｍ ｇ），并追施＾３２Ｐ－过磷酸钙和＾８６Ｒｂ－氯化铷，（代替＾４０Ｋ－氯化钾），生长２１０天后测定表明，菌根侵染率，真菌＋＾３２Ｐ为５２．９％和真菌＋＾８６Ｒｂ为５１．９％，且与茶树根际土壤微生物再生数量呈正相关。茶树株高分别是对照的２倍和１．９倍，地上、地下部干重分别