轮作模式对设施土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响

对昆明郊区蔬菜、花卉主产县典型大棚土壤进行取样和设施土壤土壤微生物区系和土壤酶活性分析,研究结果表明,与连作相比,花一花轮作最有利于增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量,降低真菌数量,提高土壤酶活性,花-菜轮作次之,菜-菜轮作模式效果最差。轮作能有效调节土壤微生物区系,有利于微生物群落的多样性和稳定性的提高,最终改善了土壤的微生态环境。     

杜仲育苗茬口,种源,种子处理最佳选择试验

经对杜仲育苗茬口、种源、种子处理最佳选择试验，结果表明，以“异茬口、２０龄、湿砂催芽”为最佳处理。     

Noninvasive assessment of systolic left ventricular torsion by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in the awake dog: repeatability, reproducibility, and comparison with tissue Doppler imaging variables

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) torsional deformation plays an important role in myocardial function. However, it has never been assessed in the awake dog, because magnetic resonance imaging and sonomicrometry have been the only methods available so far. HYPOTHESIS: Two dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), a new ultrasound imaging technique, provides a repeatable and reproducible noninvasive assessment of systolic LV wringing motion in the awake dog. ANIMALS: Six healthy dogs were used to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of STE variables (study 1). These variables also were prospectively assessed in a population of 35 healthy dogs (study 2). METHODS: Peak LV basal and apical systolic rotations were measured by STE from right parasternal short-axis views using automatic frame-to-frame tracking of gray-scale speckle patterns. Systolic LV torsion (LVtor, degrees ) was defined as apical rotation relative to the base. RESULTS: All within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were <20% (6.8-18.0%). Amplitude of apical systolic rotation was significantly higher (P < .001) than the basal value (5.4 +/- 3.2 degrees and -3.1 +/- 1.3 degrees , respectively). Global LVtor was significantly correlated with systolic longitudinal LV myocardial velocity gradient assessed by tissue Doppler (P < .05), but not with either systolic radial LV myocardial velocity gradient or the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to early mitral annular velocity (Em/Ea). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Speckle tracking echocardiography is a repeatable and reproducible method for assessing systolic LV torsional deformation. The combination of these new STE indices with tissue Doppler variables could provide a new approach for quantifying canine LV systolic function.     

乌龙茶做青过程脂质过氧化作用及其对茶叶品质的影响

以肉桂品种鲜叶为原料,研究了做青强度对做青叶脂质过氧化作用和茶叶品质的影响。结果表明,摇青可以加速做青叶水分散失和可溶性蛋白质降解;摇青和自然萎凋均能促进MDA累积。在做青前期适当晒青和轻摇青可以提高SOD活力;重摇青降低SOD活力,进而O2.-产生速率加快,脂质过氧化加速,从而促进具有青草味的化合物散失,乌龙茶特征香气提高。     

Long-Term Experiments with cropping systems: Case studies on data analysis

Data analysis for Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) with cropping systems requires some careful thinking, especially for the most complex designs, characterised by rotations with different durations and/or a different number of test-crops per rotation cycle. This paper takes an example-based approach, built upon a number of datasets, covering the main types of LTEs, with increasing levels of complexity. A procedure is outlined to build statistical models for data analysis that is useful for all LTEs characterised by the simultaneous presence of all rotation phases in all years, together with within-year replication. This procedure is based on the assumption that correct analyses can be performed separately for each year. The use of mixed models and REML estimation is advocated for model fitting with all LTEs, due to the fact that most designs are non-orthogonal, as plots may not produce data for the test-crop under study in all years. Mixed models are also useful to account for the autocorrelation of residuals over time and hints are given for the selection of an appropriate variance-covariance structure. For all our examples, variances were not constant across years and compound symmetry correlation structures with variance heterogeneity of years proved to be the best compromise between parsimony and statistical accuracy. Methods are outlined to test for the need of other more complex correlation structures and examples are also given on how to test for fixed effects, model fertility trends and assess the long-term stability of cropping systems.     

年内轮耕对小麦—玉米两熟农田土壤水稳性团聚体碳、氮分布的影响

在华北平原小麦—玉米两熟区,设置6种年内轮耕模式,即小麦季免耕玉米季免耕(WZ-MZ)、小麦季免耕玉米季深松(WZ-MS)、小麦季深松玉米季免耕(WS-MZ)、小麦季深松玉米季深松(WS-MS)、小麦季翻耕玉米季免耕(WC-MZ)、小麦季翻耕玉米季深松(WC-MS),探讨年内轮耕模式对土壤水稳性团聚体碳、氮分布的影响。结果表明,MS的年内轮耕模式比MZ有利于0~40 cm土层微团聚体聚成更大粒级的团聚体和保护大团聚体免受破坏;无论玉米季免耕还是深松条件下,与WZ、WC相比,WS能提高10~40cm土层0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体含量;WZ和WS比WC能显著提高土壤表层有机碳及全氮,使更多的碳、氮在土壤表层聚集;MS比MZ能降低0~10 cm和提高10~40 cm土层团聚体中有机碳及全氮含量;WZ能显著提高土壤0~10 cm土壤团聚体中C/N;无论小麦季采用哪种耕作方式,MS比MZ能降低0~10 cm和提高10~40 cm土层团聚体中C/N。     

几种实验设计方法的比较

实验方案的设计与选择对于实验人员来说起着至关重要的作用,分析比较了常用的正交设计、均匀设计、球面对称设计、二次回归通用旋转设计等方法的适用范围及优劣,以供实验人员选择适合自身实验的最优方案。     

春甘蓝-玉米-冬甘蓝轮作制下氮肥施用量研究

 【目的】探讨土壤无机氮含量对春甘蓝-玉米-冬甘蓝轮作甘蓝获得最高产量的施氮量和氮肥利用率的影响及施用氮肥与甘蓝产量和品质的关系，为该轮作制高产优质安全的氮肥施用技术提供依据。【方法】采用田间定位试验研究0、90、180、270、360、450 kg•ha-1 6个施氮水平在两种无机氮含量土壤上春甘蓝、玉米、冬甘蓝产量、氮肥利用率及甘蓝水溶性糖、Vc、硝酸盐含量的变化。【结果】供试土壤无机氮含量显著影响第一季春甘蓝获得最高产量的施氮量，土壤无机氮含量高，春甘蓝最大施氮量降低，土壤无机氮含量对后茬冬甘蓝影响减弱，表明土壤无机氮变化活跃，只对当季作物施肥具有指导意义。当地习惯施氮量高出甘蓝获得最大产量施氮量的1.8～3.2倍，已引起地下水NO3--N的富积。施氮量和土壤剖面中无机氮含量均影响甘蓝氮肥利用率，甘蓝套玉米有利于高氮处理的氮肥利用率的提高。氮肥用量低时（用量在90 kg•ha-1以内时），可同时提高甘蓝的产量和品质；氮肥用量进一步提高时，甘蓝产量还可进一步提高，但品质下降；当氮肥用量过高时，则甘蓝产量品质均下降。因而在生产上要获得优质蔬菜产品，需要减少氮肥用量降低产量来获得。【结论】土壤无机氮含量与当季甘蓝获得最高产量的氮肥用量和氮肥利用率密切相关。砂姜黑土氮肥后效明显，甘蓝与玉米轮作能提高高氮处理氮肥利用率。氮肥用量影响甘蓝产量和品质，要获得较好品质的蔬菜，必须减少氮肥用量降低产量来获得。     

稻田红壤水旱轮作中磷素有效性变化研究

通过模拟培养及盆栽试验研究了稻田红壤在水旱轮作中土壤磷素有效性的变化及其对植株生长的影响，并揭示了变化产生的成因。模拟培养试验表明：供试的两种土壤均表现出土壤淹水后速效磷提高，落干后明显下降的规律。采用ＮａＨＣＯ３浸提法测得的升降变幅小，而采用０．０３ｍｏｌ／ＬＮＨ４Ｆ－０．０２５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ浸提法测得的变幅大，能较好地评价对作物有效的实际情况。盆栽试验表明前作水稻施磷效果不明显或仅有微效，但在后作油菜上施磷效果非常明显，前作水稻或油菜施磷后对后作均有明显的后效。通过对不同水分状态下土壤不同形态磷的测定表明，上述干湿交替情况下速效磷的变化与土壤中非晶型铁铝结合态磷氟化物（特别是铁结合态）的变化密切相关     

种植方式对玉米不同生长期土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为探讨玉米不同种植方式下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的差异,进行田间定点试验,采用Biolog方法分别研究了4行轮作、4行连作、8行轮作和8行连作的种植方式对玉米种植前、拔节期、抽穗期和收获期土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:4种种植方式的土壤微生物均在种植前代谢活性最弱、功能多样性最低,在玉米抽穗期土壤微生物代谢活性最强,功能多样性最高。在种植玉米前,轮作的土壤微生物代谢活性和功能多样性高于连作,8行轮作和4行轮作土壤微生物的物种多样性指数分别比相应的连作高22.93%和11.42%;4行轮作的土壤微生物物种多样性指数比8行轮作低3.17%,而4行连作比8行连作高6.83%。在玉米拔节期、抽穗期及收获期连作土壤微生物功能多样性略高于轮作,且有4行连作大于8行连作的趋势,但差异均未达显著水平。种植前,4种种植模式的土壤微生物对6大类碳源的利用程度整体上都较低,降解碳水化合物类、羧酸类和聚合物类碳源的微生物是种植方式影响的主要土壤微生物类群;随着玉米的生长,土壤微生物对6大类碳源的利用都逐渐增强,玉米拔节期、抽穗期和收获期之间土壤微生物特征碳源没有较大差异,4种种植方式的土壤微生物对聚合物类碳源利用程度差异都不显著。PLS-EDA分析结果表明种植方式对土壤微生物产生较大影响,种植前8行轮作和4行连作的土壤微生物碳源利用模式具有相似性;种植玉米后4种种植方式的土壤微生物对碳源的利用模式存在较大差异,其中4行连作的土壤微生物在玉米拔节期和收获期对碳源的利用模式与其他3种种植方式差异最大。试验说明作物长期连作栽培会影响土壤微生物群落功能,降低土壤微生物物种多样性,引起土壤微生物群落结构与功能的失调。