水产品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测方法的研究

建立了水产品中氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯等拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的提取、净化以及毛细管气相色谱的测定方法。选择40mL正己烷：丙酮（V／V,2：1）混合溶液作为提取液,经冷冻去脂,柱层析净化过程中选用3g中性氧化铝作为净化填料,30mL正己烷：丙酮（V／V,4：1）混合溶液进行洗脱,然后用气相色谱法测定,外标法定量。实验结果表明,在10～200ng／mL线性范围内线性良好,相关系数在0．9993～0．9998。标准品添加量在10～66μg／kg范围内,罗非鱼样品加标实验的回收率在76．9～90．3％,相对标准偏差在1．25—4．66％,样品中氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯残留量检测方法的检出限为10μg／kg。另外采用鳗鱼和对虾样品的标准添加回收实验进行方法的验证,实验结果表明,平均回收率达到70％以上,相对标准偏差小于10％,符合药残检测要求。本方法可用于进行水产品中多种菊酯类农药残留的检测分析。     

氯氰菊酯在黄瓜中的残留消解特性研究

为了分析有机氯农药残留沉积量受栽培条件和气候微环境影响造成的差异,采用随机区组试验方法,研究探讨了4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1 600、800倍液在日光温室和露地条件下黄瓜中的残留消解特性。结果表明,在露地和日光温室栽培黄瓜上茎叶喷布4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1 600、800倍液后,初始沉积量差异较大,剂量越大初始沉积量越高。露地喷药5 d和7 d后、日光温室喷药5 d后的残留量均降低到GB2763 — 2012规定的MRL值以下,符合7 d安全间隔期标准,符合蔬菜质量安全标准。2种剂量喷洒后残留量降解到最大限量标准值所需要的时间分别为露地栽培3.8 d 和4.7 d,日光温室3.0 d和4.2 d。可见,4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油 1 600、800倍液均可在蔬菜上应用。     

赤霉素对苋菜产量和营养品质的影响及其残留研究

探索赤霉素对苋菜产量和品质的影响以及残留动态,为建立苋菜生产中赤霉素安全、有效使用技术规程提供科学依据。[方法]广州地区夏季苋菜生长到5-6片真叶时,叶面喷施高(90 g/hm2)、中(60g/ hm2)、低(30 g/hm2)三种浓度赤霉素,喷施后测定不同时期的苋菜株高、产量以及维生素C、蛋白质、还原糖、可溶性固形物、粗纤维含量,研究不同剂量赤霉素对株高、产量、营养品质的影响;测定苋菜不同生长期赤霉素残留,获得残留动态以及最终残留。 [结果]中剂量赤霉素处理对株高和产量促进作用显著,喷施后3-10 d样品的平均株高比对照增加11.50 %,平均产量增加27.56 %,达显著水平。其中3、5、7 d样品株高比对照增加达显著水平,分别为10.59%、13.33%、12.71%;5、7、10 d样品产量比对照增加达显著水平,分别为33.41%、44.35%、17.41%。低剂量和中剂量处理后10 d样品中维生素C含量分别比对照增加67.44 %、44.50 %,达显著水平;蛋白质含量分别比对照组增加12.17 %、11.11 %,达显著水平。三种剂量处理后10 d后样品还原糖、粗纤维及可溶性固形物含量与对照组均无显著差异。赤霉素降解动态曲线符合一级动力方程,半衰期为1.24 d;三种剂量处理后5、7、10 d苋菜赤霉素最终残留均值在0.0012-0.0074 mg/kg之间(定量限只到0.01;有效数字过多),远低于日本限量标准0.2 mg/kg。 [结论] 广州地区夏季苋菜生长到5-6片真叶时,叶面喷施60 g/hm2的赤霉素溶液,喷施后10 d采收,赤霉素残留均值为0.002mg/kg,产量比对照增加17.41%,维生素C含量增加44.50%,蛋白质含量增加11.11%,可溶性固形物、还原糖、粗纤维含量差异不显著。建议可用日本肯定列表中的残最大留限量作为广州地区中国苋菜上赤霉素的残留限量标准。     

河三角洲地区棉田地膜残留特征研究

为准确掌握黄河三角洲地区棉田土壤残膜的分布特征、科学制定棉田地膜污染防治对策,在黄河三角洲棉花主产区东营市开展了棉田地膜调查与残留监测研究,选择5个典型棉田进行取样,测定土壤中的残膜数量、分布密度及残膜面积等.结果表明:20年以上棉田的土壤地膜残留量为18.84～53.53 kg/hm2,地块间差异较大.地膜残留密度22.5万块/hm2～34.0万块/hm2,残膜大小差异较大;25 cm2以上的残膜占残膜总块数的94.1％,100 cm2～500 cm2的残膜占一半以上,500 cm2以上的大片残膜约占21％.黄河三角洲棉区,土壤中地膜残留以”残块大、厚度薄、回收难”为主要特征,并具有向深土层迁移的可能,生态风险较高.     

甲基异柳磷在土壤中的残留降解分析

该实验应用气相色谱法测定了土壤中的甲基异柳磷的残留降解情况,以丙酮-正己烷(2∶1,V/V)为提取剂,氮吹仪浓缩定容,经气相色谱外标法定量测定。结果表明,当添加水平为0.05mg/kg时,甲基异柳磷在土壤中的回收率为91.33%,添加水平为0.1mg/kg时回收率为100.5%;添加浓度0.1mg/kg的甲基异柳磷在土壤中半衰期为9.58~11.27d。     

Intercropping maize and wheat with conservation agriculture principles improves water harvesting and reduces carbon emissions in dry areas

In arid and populated areas or countries, water shortage and heavy carbon emissions are threatening agricultural sustainability with food security severely, and becoming a major issue. It is unclear whether improved farming systems can be developed to tackle those issues through a sustainable agriculture. Here three farming practices that have proven to be essential and successful, which were: (a) crop intensification through strip intercropping, (b) water harvesting through conservation tillage; and (c) carbon sequestration through improved crop residue management options, were integrated in one cropping system. We hypothesize that the integrated system allows the increase of crop yields with improved water use efficiency, while reducing carbon emissions from farming. The hypothesis was tested in field experiments at Hexi Corridor (37°96′N, 102°64′E) in northwest China. We found that the integrated system increased soil moisture (mm) by 7.4% before sowing, 10.3% during the wheat–maize co-growth period, 8.3% after wheat harvest, and 9.2% after maize harvest, compared to the conventional sole cropping systems. The wheat/maize intercrops increased net primary production by 68% and net ecosystem production by 72%; and when combined with straw mulching on the soil surface, it decreased carbon emissions by 16%, compared to the monoculture maize without mulch. The wheat/maize intercrops used more water but increased grain yields by 142% over the monoculture wheat and by 23% over the monoculture maize, thus, enhancing water use efficiency by an average of 26%. We conclude that integrating strip intercropping, conservation tillage as well as straw mulching in one cropping system can significantly boost crop yields, improve the use efficiency of the limited water resources in arid areas, while, lowering the carbon emissions from farming. The integrated system may be considered in the development of strategies for alleviating food security issues currently experienced in the environment-damaged and water-shortage areas.     

香蕉和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯的残留分析

建立吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉全蕉、蕉肉及土壤中的残留分析方法,测定吡唑醚菌酯在云南、海南两地香蕉及土壤中的残留动态及最终残留。结果表明：在0.01~0.1 mg/kg添加范围内,吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉果、肉、土中的平均回收率为82％~104％,变异系数为1.3％~3.6％;方法最小检出量为1×10-10 g,最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg。吡唑醚菌酯在云南和海南两地香蕉中的半衰期分别为17.2、16.7 d,在土壤中的半衰期分别为19.9、17.9 d。施药后35、42、49 d收获的香蕉中吡唑醚菌酯残留量均低于0.02 mg/kg。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜及番茄中异菌脲残留

采用分散固相萃取(QuEChERS)为样品前处理方法,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速同时检测黄瓜及番茄中异菌脲的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,C18分散固相(dSPE)净化后,应用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱仪,多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,外标法定量,结果显示,异菌脲在黄瓜和番茄基质中的线性关系良好,在0.02~1mg/L添加水平范围内,异菌脲在黄瓜和番茄中的平均回收率分别为82.7%~91.9%和89.8%~90.5%,相对标准偏差分别为4.7%~7.7%和4.8%~7.2%,最低检出浓度(LOQ)均为0.02mg/kg。     

Residue chemistry and microbial community structure during decomposition of eucalypt, wheat and vetch residues

Previous studies have shown that residue chemistry and microbial community structure change during decomposition, however little is known about the relationship between C-chemistry and microbial community structure. To address this knowledge gap, we studied C-chemistry and microbial community structure during the decomposition of eucalypt, wheat and vetch residues with and without additional inorganic N. Bags containing ground residues of eucalypt, wheat, and vetch were buried in sand microcosms after inoculation with a diverse microbial community. Respiration was measured over an incubation period of 150 days. At different times during incubation, total C and N of the residues were analysed and residue carbon chemistry was determined by ¹³C-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Microbial communities were assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses.Results indicated that during decomposition, residue C-chemistry and microbial community composition changed over time and differed between residue types. Changes in microbial community structure were associated with changes in residue C-chemistry, mainly the relative content of aryl-C and O-alkyl-C. Addition of N increased cumulative respiration, altered C-chemistry during decomposition, particularly in high C/N residues (wheat and eucalypt), and changed microbial succession leading to an earlier establishment of a stable microbial community structure. N addition to eucalypt and wheat reduced the decomposition of aryl-C compounds.     

Tillage and cropping sequence impacts on nitrogen cycling in dryland farming in eastern Montana, USA

Information on N cycling in dryland crops and soils as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence is needed to quantify soil N sequestration, mineralization, and N balance to reduce N fertilization rate and N losses through soil processes. The 21-yr effects of the combinations of tillage and cropping sequences was evaluated on dryland crop grain and biomass (stems + leaves) N, soil surface residue N, soil N fractions, and N balance at the 0–20 cm depth in Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall- and spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall- and spring-tilled spring wheat–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1984–1999) followed by spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (2000–2004) (FSTW-B/P), and spring-tilled spring wheat–fallow (STW-F). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH₄-N, and NO₃-N. Annualized crop grain and biomass N varied with treatments and years and mean grain and biomass N from 1984 to 2004 were 14.3–21.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in NTCW, STCW, FSTCW, and FSTW-B/P than in STW-F. Soil surface residue N was 9.1–15.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F in 2004. The STN at 0–20 cm was 0.39–0.96 Mg N ha⁻¹, PON 0.10–0.30 Mg N ha⁻¹, and PNM 4.6–9.4 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F. At 0–5 cm, STN, PON, and MBN were greater in STCW than in FSTW-B/P and STW-F. At 5–20 cm, STN and PON were greater in NTCW and STCW than in STW-F, PNM and MBN were greater in STCW than in NTCW and STW-F, and NO₃-N was greater in FSTW-B/P than in NTCW and FSTCW. Estimated N loss through leaching, volatilization, or denitrification at 0–20 cm depth increased with increasing tillage frequency or greater with fallow than with continuous cropping and ranged from 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in NTCW to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in STW-F. Long-term no-till or spring till with continuous cropping increased dryland crop grain and biomass N, soil surface residue N, N storage, and potential N mineralization, and reduced N loss compared with the conventional system, such as STW-F, at the surface 20 cm layer. Greater tillage frequency, followed by pea inclusion in the last 5 out of 21 yr in FSTW-B/P, however, increased N availability at the subsurface layer in 2004.