利用花粉管通道法将兔防御素NP-1基因导入小麦的研究

兔防御素NP-1是抗性谱最广的防御素之一。为提高小麦的抗病虫能力,培育优质高抗的小麦品种,采用花粉管通道法将兔防御素NP-1基因导入优质小麦品种G8901。对得到的193株T0植株进行抗除草剂筛选,获得4株抗性植株。通过PCR及PCR-Southern杂交,证实了NP-1基因已经整合到转基因植株的基因组中,并稳定遗传到T1。田间抗病虫鉴定结果表明,这些植株对于白粉病、叶锈和条锈病有较强的免疫力和抗性,但对于蚜虫的抗性没有明显提高。     

Breeding crops for reduced-tillage management in the intensive, rice–wheat systems of South Asia

The importance of reduced tillage in sustainable agriculture is well recognized. Reduced-tillage practices (which may or may not involve retention of crop residues) and their effects differ from those of conventional tillage in several ways: soil physical properties; shifts in host–weed competition; soil moisture availability (especially when sowing deeply or under stubble); and the emergence of pathogen populations that survive on crop residues. There may be a need for genotypes suited to special forms of mechanization (e.g. direct seeding into residues) and to agronomic conditions such as allelopathy, as well as specific issues relating to problem soils. This article examines issues and breeding targets for researchers who seek to improve crops for reduced-tillage systems. Most of the examples used pertain to wheat, but we also refer to other crops. Our primary claim is that new breeding initiatives are needed to introgress favourable traits into wheat and other crops in areas where reduced or zero-tillage is being adopted. Key traits include faster emergence, faster decomposition, and the ability to germinate when deep seeded (so that crops compete with weeds and use available moisture more efficiently). Enhancement of resistance to new pathogens and insect pests surviving on crop residues must also be given attention. In addition to focusing on new traits, breeders need to assess germplasm and breeding populations under reduced tillage. Farmer participatory approaches can also enhance the effectiveness of cultivar development and selection in environments where farmers’ links with technology providers are weak. Finally, modern breeding tools may also play a substantial role in future efforts to develop adapted crop genotypes for reduced tillage.     

A 192bp allele at the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xgwm261</Emphasis> locus is not always associated with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rht8</Emphasis> dwarfing gene in wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

The height-reducing gene Rht8 was introduced into Italian wheats by breeder Nazareno Strampelli from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi, and has been widely used in wheats adapted to southern and eastern European conditions. Following identification of a close linkage to Rht8, microsatellite marker Gwm261 has been used extensively to screen large numbers of diverse international germplasm. A 192bp allele at this locus has been taken as “diagnostic” for Rht8 and used to infer the international distribution of Rht8. In this paper, we report several instances of cultivars and mapping populations that vary for the presence of the 192bp allele at the Xgwm261 locus (Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ), but with no associated reduction in height, suggesting a lack of association with Rht8. For instance, in the population derived from a cross between Sunco (Rht-B1b, Xgwm261 ₁₆₅ ) and Tasman (Rht-D1b, Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ), there were significant height differences associated with the segregation of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, but no height differences between Xgwm261 genotypes. Similar results were obtained in a population derived from the cross between Molineux (Rht-B1b, Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ) and Trident (Rht-D1b Xgwm261 ₂₀₈ ). In contrast, the cross between Trident and Chuanmai 18 (Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ) gave significant height effects at both the Rht-D1 and Xgwm261 loci, with no epistatic interaction between loci. Chuanmai 18 is closely related to the Strampelli wheat Mara (ancestrally derived from Akakomugi) and is therefore likely to carry Rht8. The old Japanese cultivar Norin 10, used by Norman Borlaug to introduce Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b into Mexican wheats, also has a 192bp allele at the Xgwm261 locus, and the sequence of the amplified product is identical to that of Akakomugi. We suggest that the widespread use of Norin 10-derived germplasm during and after the Green Revolution introduced a second haplotype into international germplasm, in which Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ has no association with Rht8. Therefore, the presence of Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ is only indicative of Rht8 in wheat cultivars that have inherited this allele from Akakomugi or a Strampelli wheat ancestor.     

冬小麦对麦红吸浆虫抗性机制研究初报

在虫圃鉴定1254份材料的基础上，对10个不同抗性品种进行了抗性机制研究。研究表明，小麦抗麦红吸浆虫抗性品种植株高，穗部密度大，旗叶长而窄，内颖尖隐伏数多，内颖弧口宽，植株茎、叶和颖壳南程度高，有被毛，颖壳硬而厚。测定了不同抗性品种（系）的未害子粒和被害粒中某些生化物质，明确了小麦品种对吸浆虫的抗性是以诱导抗性为主的多因子综合抗性。总酚、单宁和可溶性糖是影响其生化抗虫性的关键因子，总酚尤为重要。     

小麦航天诱变育种效果研究

利用返回式卫星搭载两个小麦品种（系）种子进行空间诱变处理，对SP2代农艺性状变异效果进行了分析。结果表明，两个品种（系）的农艺性状均发生了变异，但株系内变异多数为不显著。两个品种（系）的诱变率和性状的变异方向存在差异，豫农201的诱变率高于大粒1号；大粒1号变异株系的性状指标多数为增加，豫农201变异株系的性状指标多数为减少。性状间的诱变率具有差异，株高和粒重的诱变率明显高于其它性状     

杜仲EuGT2基因的原核表达及蛋白纯化

本研究以克隆所得杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)EuGT2基因为基础,利用基因重组技术构建原核表达载体pMCSG19-EuGT2。重组载体转化到E.coli Rosetta(DE3)中,用0.05 mmol/L异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)在37℃下诱导6 h。使用镍-亚氨基二乙酸(Ni-IDA)亲和层析柱进行纯化,并用15%十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺(SDS-PAGE)凝胶电泳进行检测。研究结果表明,杜仲EuGT2基因在E.coli Rosetta(DE3)中得到成功表达,重组蛋白表达形式为部分包涵体、部分可溶性蛋白。经SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳检测,在相对分子质量约56 kD处有1条特异性蛋白条带,经质谱鉴定该特异性蛋白条带确为杜仲EuGT2蛋白。以上研究结果为后续研究杜仲糖基转移酶的功能提供了科学依据。     

山东省普通小麦醇溶蛋白Gli-1和Gli-2位点等位基因的遗传变异

采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)，分析了山东省种植面积较大的37个小麦品种醇溶蛋白Gli-1和Gli-2位点等位基因的组成特点。结果表明，山东小麦在醇溶蛋白Gli-1 (Gli-A1、Gli-B1和Gli-D1) 和Gli-2 (Gli-A2、Gli-B2和Gli-D2) 位点存在多样性，共鉴定出58个等位基因，出现频率较高的有6个，分别为Gli-A1a (48.6 %)、Gli-B1l (35.1%)、Gli-D1k (35.1%)、Gli-A2b (35.1％)、Gli-B2g (35.1％)和Gli-D2a (29.7％)，其中Gli-B1l出现频率较高，表明1BL/1RS易位系在山东小麦中存在比较普遍。醇溶蛋白6个主要位点的遗传变异系数较高，平均为0.7930，变幅为0.7297～0.8269，其中Gli-D2位点遗传多样性最高，Gli-A1最低。对具有优质醇溶蛋白等位基因Gli-B1b或Gli-A2b的品种进行了高分子量谷蛋白亚基的组成分析,表明烟农15、烟优361、山农98-1和山农93-52同时含有优质谷蛋白5＋10亚基，在小麦育种中可利用这些优质亚基基因。     

刺山柑提取物对正常小鼠耳廓微循环的作用

研究刺山柑提取物(CSE)对小鼠耳廓微循环的影响,为改善微循环障碍性疾病提供实验依据。将正常小鼠50只随机分为5组(空白对照组,阳性对照组,CSE 1.25、2.5、5 mg/(10g·天)组。每天给药一次,连续灌胃7天。用WX-6微循环显微仪分别于末次给药后六个时间点即0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 h于给药前耳廓相同部位测量耳廓微循环微动脉、微静脉血管口径及毛细血管开放的数目。与空白组比较,CSE低、中、高剂量组能明显增加耳廓微血管管径及毛细血管开放数目(P0.05),增强作用与作用时间及剂量成正相关,以CSE高剂量更为显著。CSE对正常小鼠微循环具有改善作用。     

小麦农杆菌转化系统的建立与转基因植株的获得

针对农杆菌转化系统的诸多影响因素进行了系统研究，建立了有效的小麦农杆菌转化系统；利用石4185、石6365的花药愈伤组织为受体，进行了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶和胆碱氧化物酶等目的基因的转化研究。     

氮硫交互作用对小麦苗期生长和养分吸收的影响

通过基质盆栽冬小麦，研究了氮硫交互作用对小麦苗期生长及养分吸收的影响。研究结果表明，氮、硫对苗期小麦的生长都有一定影响，氮的增产效果远大于硫，当氮肥用量为200mg/盆时，小麦生物量的最大增产幅度89％；在低氮水平下，硫肥的增产效果最佳，最高可增产125。硫肥的施用可以提高苗期小麦植株体内硫的累积量，在氮素胁迫的情况下最为显著，可提高1倍以上；同时降低植株体内氮的累积，但降低幅度不大。氮素充足时，地上部与地下部生物量之比为2.4-3.9，氮素胁迫条件下，小麦的地上部和地下部的生物量相当，说明氮素养分不足时，小麦合成的有机物质更倾向于分配给根系，促进根系的生长，这可能是小麦抵抗胁迫环境条件的生理机制之一。