冬小麦品种兰天17号航天诱变后代农艺性状变异分析

为研究小麦空间诱变后代农艺性状的变异规律,用系谱法对冬小麦品种兰天17号SP 1株群、SP 2系群以及SP 2显著突变系和疑似突变系后代的表现进行了研究。结果它在SP1出现了2个显著的株高突变体D16和D38,其中D38在SP 2表现株高和主穗长度的分离,D 16在SP 2的株高与原品种对照差异不显著,但它在SP 3出现了株高和穗长的显著变异。SP 2疑似突变系D 69在SP 3出现了籽粒形态的显著突变。经单株选择,D 38的部分后代在SP 3或SP 4性状就已基本稳定。表明航天诱变小麦种子,可引起后代株高、穗长、穗形、籽粒形态等性状的变异;突变体可能出现在SP 1,也可能出现在SP 2或以后世代;这些突变体经过2～3个世代的单株选择,部分后代的性状就能基本稳定,小麦航天诱变后代农艺性状的变异符合诱变育种的基本规律。     

秋水仙素诱导小豆性状变异研究

本研究用0.2%和0.4%的秋水仙素溶液浸泡小豆京农6号(JN6)种子12 h,M_1成株率分别为26.7%和3.5%,变异率为1.24%和1.59%,结果表明处理浓度越大,成株率越小、变异率越大.0.2%秋水仙素处理12 h为较佳处理,但0.4%处理的变异类型相对丰富.M_2代与对照相比,单株粒数在5%水平上达到显著差异,百粒重在1%水平达到极显著差异;M_3代百粒重与对照相比在1%水平达到极显著差异,诱变后代中筛选出了3个高产优良株系.在M_3代共筛选到263个叶色、叶形、蔓生、多分枝、黑荚、浅红和深红粒色、大粒及早晚熟等性状变异突变体.叶形有剑叶、小密叶、肾叶突变类型;叶色有深绿、浅绿、黄化、黄斑叶变异类型.早熟和晚熟变异株分别比对照早熟10～15 d和晚熟7～10 d.     

航天搭载玉米自交系SP3的变异研究

为了解航天诱变对3个玉米自交系SP3株系在主要性状上与地面同源对照种子的变异情况,研究其变异规律,为其后代的选育和研究提供理论依据。对诱变后代主要性状的变异幅度、变异系数和平均值与对照进行对比,并对性状平均值进行差异显著性测验。3个玉米自交系SP3株系的多数性状均产生明显变异,为选择不同类型的种质材料提供了基础。其中株系株型性状变异偏植株变矮,叶面积变小,利于选择矮杆叶疏的变异材料;果穗性状变异较小,选择意义不大;而生育期和雄穗性状的变异差异较大。航天诱变处理对不同材料不同性状的诱变效果差异较大,应根据具体的育种目标选择适合的诱变材料,从中选择有利的变异。     

二棱大麦品种（系）的综合评价

为更精准筛选和选育不同用途二棱大麦品种,对38份不同来源及用途的二棱大麦品种（系）的株高、穗长、千粒重、穗粒数、有效穗数、籽粒产量和不孕粒数等主要农艺性状及籽粒蛋白质含量进行综合评价。结果表明,参试二棱大麦品种（系）有效穗数、产量、穗长、不孕粒数及蛋白质含量变异丰富,株高、千粒重及穗粒数变异相对较小,二棱大麦育种的增产效应主要体现在穗长和有效穗数的适度增加。相关性分析表明,二棱大麦各性状间存在复杂的相关性,且多个性状均可影响产量,有效穗数与产量呈极显著正相关。供试二棱大麦品种（系）在遗传距离10水平上可聚为中秆大粒型和矮秆多穗型两类。主成分分析将38份二棱大麦品种（系）的主要农艺性状分为4个主成分,其累计贡献率达85.5807%;以前4个主成分得分值为指标进行主成分二维排序分析,分析38份二棱大麦品种（系）在特定因子性状上的差异,结果为创制优异种质及亲本选择提供依据。     

不同木薯品种（系）农艺性状分析及高产品种（系）筛选

为了解影响木薯产量的主要因素,筛选高产木薯品种（系）,通过主成分分析对10个品种（系）的9个主要农艺性状指标进行量化对比分析。结果表明,10个木薯品种（系）的农艺性状除落叶高度和块根粗无显著差异外（P>0.05）,其余农艺性状间均具有显著差异（P<0.05）,品种（系）SC9、SC124和58-7的农艺性状变异较大,农艺性状中又以单株产量、地上鲜重、鲜薯个数和主茎粗的变异系数最大。鲜薯个数、块根长和块根粗是影响单株产量的关键因子。通过主成分分析提取了2个主成分,累积方差贡献率达88.1%,反映了农艺性状指标的基本信息,其中,鲜薯个数是第1主成分的主导变量,块根长是第2主成分的主导变量。10个木薯品种（系）中,SG-9的综合得分最高,GMT和SC9的产量优势明显,可作为种植推广的品种。     

小麦航天诱变矮秆突变系SP_3株穗数性状观察及分析

以我国首颗航天育种专用卫星"实践八号(2006)"搭载的冬小麦邯6172为材料并以原始亲本为对照,对SP3选育出6个矮秆突变系株穗数进行观察发现:(1)株高与株穗数两性状独立遗传,通过航天诱变可对株高、株穗数二性状同时进行改良。(2)株穗数变异是双向的,其幅度为-36.95%～12.06%,方差分析达0.01极显著水平。(3)株穗数显著高于对照的变异系比例较低,占观察群体的16.67%,其余变异系株穗数等于或低于对照,分别占33.33%的比例。(4)SP3株穗数性状稳定株系比例为16.67%,并被统计分析证实,其余株系仍在分离。(5)在以株穗数为目的航天诱变后代选育中,SP3代要注重田间性状观察,依不同变异群体性状表现,可分别采取以株系为单位混合收获和以单株收获的选育方法。     

电子束辐照玉米自交系M_3的变异分析

为探讨电子束辐照对玉米自交系诱变效果,本研究分别利用剂量为200、300、400 Gy电子束对2份玉米自交系‘18-599’、‘K169’种子进行了辐照诱变,分别获得诱变株系(M_3)32份、21份,并对诱变株系和对照株系当代主要农艺性状进行了调查与分析。结果表明:2份玉米自交系诱变M_3株系株高与对照存在显著性差异;而穗位高与对照有差异显著的株系较少;主要雌穗性状诱变集中体现在穗长和穗行数,‘18-599’M_3株系的穗长和穗行数与对照存在显著性差异;主要雄穗性状诱变效果因材料不同有差异;电子束辐照对油份和淀粉含量的改变效果较好,而2份自交系诱变M_3株系与对照的蛋白质含量均值均未达到显著水平。此研究结果表明,电子束辐照应用于玉米诱变育种可以引起较丰富的遗传变异,为利用电子束开展玉米自交系诱变育种以及玉米种质改良提供了依据。     

小麦F4代株系的DNA位点纯合率和农艺性状变异幅度

近年来,我国部分育种者为了加快小麦育种速度而缩短系统选择年限,用F4代株系进行品种比较试验,并将其作为品种参加区域试验.本研究以10个小麦杂交组合F4代株系及其亲本为试验材料,对不同株系及其亲本的DNA位点纯合率和重要农艺性状的稳定性进行研究.结果表明,10个F4代株系的DNA位点纯合率在83.0%～94.8%之间,其亲本的DNA位点纯合率均高于95%.以DNA位点纯合率≥95%的品种为对照,10个F4代株系中仅BF-2003-82-17的农艺性状变异幅度在对照品种的变异范围之内,其DNA位点纯合率为94.2%,接近95%.其余9个F4代株系均有变异幅度大于对照品种或仍在分离的农艺性状,初步证明大多数F4代株系的一致性和稳定性尚不符合要求,只有极少数株系具备了一致性和稳定性.     

12C6+离子束辐照糜子诱变突变群体的构建与SSR分析

为构建物理诱变糜子突变体库,采用50、100、150、200和250 Gy剂量碳离子束(12C6+)辐照陇糜7号和晋黍9号种子,结合混合系谱法和系统聚类分别构建2个含52和79个株系的M5寡表型突变群体。田间试验结果显示,诱变M1出苗率随剂量增大明显降低,陇糜7号M1半致死剂量为150 Gy,晋黍9号M1半致死剂量为100 Gy,且100、150 Gy诱变下M4变异最多。不同诱变剂量下M5、M6表型稳定且株高、产量性状、成株色及粒色均表现出明显遗传差异。从2个M6群体中分别选择9和11个代表性株系,利用多态性SSR引物进行分子验证,与亲本相比,6对SSR引物在陇糜7号的9个株系中位点变异基因型数为1~2,在晋黍9号的11个株系中位点变异基因型数为1~4,突变群体存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

不同生态区谷子品种农艺性状和品质分析

选取山西、吉林、河北和河南等地的16个谷子品种,研究不同谷子品种在同一地区种植农艺性状、产量、小米外观品质、食味品质和营养品质的差异。结果表明,不同品种农艺性状和理论产量存在显著差异,株高变幅为108.68（黑谷8号）~160.42cm（晋谷40号）,理论产量变幅为2625（长生16号）~4215kg/hm²（晋谷40号）。参试品种橘色颜色指数（CCI值）变异范围为2.37~4.48,以晋谷40号CCI值最大,粗脂肪变异系数为3.29%~6.45%,长生8号和神谷13号的胶稠度和蒸煮性好,豫谷35号、长生16号和神谷5号的甜味和鲜味氨基酸含量高。氨基酸呈味特性相关性分析结果表明,丙氨酸含量越高,鲜味和甜味氨基酸含量总和与苦味氨基酸含量的差值越大,鲜味越浓。通过主成分分析筛选出长生8号、长农52号、长生16号、豫谷35号和晋谷40号5个产量与品质表现最佳的品种。     

Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars for resistance to Fusarium head blight

To identify excellent cultivars resistant to Fusarium head blight (FHB), 104 wheat cultivars were tested by single-flower inoculation using two prevalent pathogens from 2018 to 2020. Agronomic traits were also investigated. Six FHB-resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), Fhb1, Fhb2, Fhb4, Fhb5, Fhb7 and Qfhb.crc-2D, have been assessed using previously reported DNA markers. A diagnostic marker has been used for Fhb1, and indicative markers linked to the other QTL were used. Results showed that (i) 12 (11.5%) cultivars were resistant to two pathogens in 3 years; among them, ‘Shengxuan 6’, ‘Wanhongbian 759’, ‘Yunong 903’ and ‘Yunong 901’ had good agronomic traits. (ii) Among cultivars with one resistance QTL, the severities of cultivars carrying Fhb1 and Qfhb.crc-2D were 2.2 and 2.8, respectively, whereas those of cultivars with Fhb2 or Fhb7 were 3.6. Among cultivars with two resistance QTL, the severities of cultivars with Fhb1 + Fhb4, Fhb1 + Fhb7 and Fhb4 + Fhb5 were 2.2, 3.0 and 3.6, respectively. The severity of five cultivars possessing three or four resistance QTL was below 2.5. Fhb1 and Qfhb.crc-2D showed better resistance effects than other resistance QTL.     

Genetic Variation for Agronomic Characters in a Burley Tobacco Synthetic Following Recurrent Selection for Increased Black Shank Resistance

Black shank, a fuagal disease caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, is a major hazard in the production of burley tobacco (Nicotiutta tubacum L.). Moderate levels of resistance have been bred into cultivars, but little success has been achieved in utilizing high levels of resistance found in the cigar line. Beinhart 1000-1. Beinhirt 1000-1 and seven burley cultivars were combined into a synthetic population and three cycles of selection for increased black slunk resistance were conducted. The objectives of this study were (i) t0 estimate genetic variability for agronomic traits in the original base population (C_o) and die three selection cycles and (ii) to characterize the effects of selection for black shank resistance on the agronomic traits. Fifty selfed lines From the base population and each of three selection cycles were evaluated in replicated field trials at Lexington and Princeton, KY. Differences among cycle means for six agronomic traits were not statistically significant. Genetic variation for the six traits among lines within cycles was highly significant and did not change during selection. The results indicated that previously assumed associations between black shank resistance in Beinhart 1000-1 and undesirable agronomic traits were due to chromosomal linkages which were apparently broken by intercrossing. The C₃ population would be a useful base population for selection to improve agronomic performance in black shank resistant genotypes.     

组织培养途径改良定型小麦品种的研究

选用ＣＡ９０７０、ＣＡＤ８６９４,京４１１三个定型品种进行组织培养,比较了三种培养方式的培养效果,调查了Ｈ２,Ｒ２株系主要农艺性状的遗传变异情况,结果表明,幼胚培养效率最高,基因型间差异小,花药培养的基因型间差异显著,花药培养后代农艺性状的变异率高于幼胚培养,且其性状值向更小的方向变异,而幼胚培育诱花的变异范围大于花药培养,获得了ＣＡＤ８６９４的花培变异株系９５Ｈ０５５,株高降低了１１．５ｃｍ,获     

施氮量对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率与农艺性状的影响

为探明施氮量对不同水稻品种产量、氮肥利用率和农艺性状的影响,以适合江苏省种植的12个中粳稻（含籼/粳杂交稻）品种为材料,大田种植,设置0N（全生育期不施氮）、200N（全生育期施纯氮200kg/hm ²）和360N（全生育期施纯氮360kg/hm²）3个施氮量处理,研究各品种产量、氮肥利用率和一些农艺性状的差异。结果表明：甬优2640在3个施氮水平产量均最高,库容量大是其高产的主要原因。其他品种产量对氮肥响应的表现不一。在较低氮（0N、200N）条件下,淮稻13号和武运粳30的产量较高,宁粳1号和扬粳4038的产量较低。在高氮（360N）条件下,宁粳1号和扬粳4038产量较高。在较低施氮量条件下,产量和氮肥利用率较高的品种具有较高的干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、粒叶比及群体生长速率,这些指标可作为筛选氮高效品种的农艺性状指标。     

不同水稻种质资源重要农艺性状与发芽期耐寒性鉴定研究

对106份水稻材料的12个农艺性状进行两年（2018-2019年）田间测定,比较分析不同材料间的性状及多样性指数差异,以低温处理下的发芽率为标准对水稻种质资源发芽期耐寒性进行评价。结果表明,12个农艺性状中,除了千粒重、茎粗和每穗总粒数外,其他9个性状的遗传多样性指数均小于2.00;单株产量、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数的变异系数分别为22.08%、21.89%和22.25%,谷粒宽变异系数最小,为7.90%。共筛选出23份特异种质资源,其中大穗型品种9个,高单株产量型品种4个,籽粒细长型品种10个。聚类分析可将106份水稻材料分为3个类群,类群Ⅰ、类群Ⅱ和类群Ⅲ占比分别为15.1%、47.2%和37.7%。通过主成分分析可将12个农艺性状指标转换为5个主成分因子（PC1~PC5）,得到84.19%的累计贡献率。利用综合指标值（PC1~PC5）和相关公式得到相应模糊隶属函数和权重,最终获得综合评价种质资源农艺性状的D值,排名前10名的种质资源为77D、万恢355-2、宜恢1577、南恢533、176-15、丰788、万恢86、杨福6号、蜀恢527和176-6。低温胁迫导致水稻种子发芽率降低,种质间的发芽率存在显著差异,其中176-6、176-15、桂99和糯稻89-1发芽期耐寒性强,为1级耐寒种质。筛选到的耐寒种质和综合性状优良的种质可为培育适宜直播的新品种提供材料。     

Effects of the 6VS.6AL translocation on agronomic traits and dough properties of wheat

Nineteen common wheat cultivars and advanced lines carrying a 6VS.6AL translocation and five parents were sown at two locations in Jiangsu in 2004–05 season to assess the effects of the translocation on grain yield and dough properties. In general, there were no significant differences between 6VS.6AL lines and their recurrent parents in agronomic, mixograph and starch pasting traits, including grain yield, grains/spike, grain weight/spike, mixing time and peak viscosity. 6VS.6AL lines showed slightly but significantly higher thousand-kernel weight and plant height, and small negative effects on test weight, flour yield and flour colour. However, significant variation occurred for all traits among sister lines from the same cross, indicating that additional selection could lead to further improvement. It was concluded that the 6VS.6AL translocation can be used in wheat breeding programs as a donor of resistance to powdery mildew with no obvious undesirable effects on agronomic and quality traits.     

不同行距配置对谷子农艺性状及产量的影响

为了研究行距配置对谷子产量及农艺性状的影响,试验采用完全随机区组设计,以多分蘖的张杂谷5号和少分蘖的晋谷21号为试验材料,分别设置T1（10cm+50cm）、T2（20cm+40cm）、T3（30cm+30cm）3种行距,对两品种在不同行距配置条件下的农艺性状和产量进行分析。结果表明：T2处理能显著提高两品种的产量,对于多分蘖的张杂谷5号,适宜的宽窄行能够有效提高谷子的分蘖及分蘖成穗数,进而提高谷子的产量;对于少分蘖的晋谷21号则通过优化个体穗部性状从而提高产量。     

基于GGE双标图的高粱品种农艺性状和稳产性分析

为了筛选丰产稳产、适应性强的高粱新品种,促进辽西地区高粱产业健康可持续发展。2019-2020年采用随机不完全区组设计（alpha-格子设计）,通过R语言GGE双标图分析了30个高粱品种的产量和相关农艺性状。方差分析表明,年份、基因型、基因型与年份互作对高粱产量和相关农艺性状均有显著影响（P<0.05）,其产量变异的平方和占总平方和的比例分别为32.1%、41.3%和11.3%,基因型效应对产量和相关农艺性状的变异贡献率最大,株高和穗长指标遗传力较大。GGE双标图分析表明,辽杂19号、平试13和济粱2丰产稳产性较好;辽杂19号和平试13在株高、产量、穗重和穗粒重方面综合性状表现较好;辽杂19号距离“理想品种”最近,其次为平试13。皮尔逊相关分析表明,高粱籽粒产量与株高、穗重、穗粒重和穗粒数均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。从参试品种看,辽西半干旱地区高秆品种比矮秆品种更具产量优势。在朝阳地区,辽杂19号、平试13和济粱2具有较高的产量和稳定性。在特定生态区域,基因型是产量和相关农艺性状差异的主要因素。     

Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.

More detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread ( Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum ( Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha^-1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha^-1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha^-1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha^-1) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application.     

Comparative study on growth and development of some accessions of local Germplasm of Bambara groundnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna subterrenea</Emphasis> L. Verdc.) of Nigeria in two cropping seasons

Two field experiments were conducted in April (early cropping) and August, (late cropping) 2007 at the Department of Crop Science Research Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to evaluate the agronomic and yield attributes of 13 cultivars of bambara groundnut. The results obtained showed that planting dates had significant effects (P < 0.05) on all traits measured. Significant cultivar and cultivar x planting date interaction effects were observed for days to 50% flowering. The principal component analysis showed that the first three components accounted for 85.18 and 86.81% of the total variation in the early and late planting, respectively. The traits representing the cultivars along the first principal axis were number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant for the early planting and number of leaves per plant and seed weight per plant in the late planting. Cultivars were differentiated on the basis of number of flowers per plant and plant height for the early planting and days to emergence for the late planting along the second principal axis. The cluster plot revealed that the 13 bambara groundnut cultivars were grouped into three clusters at both the early and late planting dates. In the early planting, the cultivars in cluster I are associated with high number of flowers, number of pods, and plant height, while cluster II cultivars flowered earlier and had good pod and seed yield. However, cluster III cultivars performed poorly in all the traits evaluated. During the late planting, the cluster I comprised early flowering cultivars while cluster II comprised cultivars with good vegetative growth, high number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant. Cluster III cultivars are early emerging and early flowering but have poor seed yield. The correlation coefficient for seed weight per plant was highly significant and positive with number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of flowers per plant and number of pods per plant indicating that increase in these traits will ultimately increase seed weight per plant. Thus, these traits could be considered as major seed yield contributing traits that could be given significant recognition during selection.