Effects of Waterlogging on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Six Barley Genotypes with Different Waterlogging Tolerance

A field experiment was carried out to study genotypic difference in the effect of waterlogging on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzyme activities in barley. Waterlogging caused a rapid decline in net photosynthetic rate (Ph) and stomatal conductance (gs), and little change in chlorophyll content during early days of the treatment. A dramatic increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in waterlogged plants in the early days of the experiment was found, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in barley plants exposed to waterlogging. There was a highly significant difference in the changed extent of all these parameters among genotypes.Franklin and Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai, which were relatively sensitive to waterlogging in terms of growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, accumulated much more MDA than the other two relatively tolerant genotypes (93-3143 and QS).After removal of waterlogging, the genotypic difference became much greater in recovering of these examined parameters.Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai showed higher recovery, while Franklin only recovered to 50% of the control at the 14 day after waterlogging removal. It may be concluded that it is the difference in anti-oxidative stress caused by waterlogging that account for the major difference in photosynthesis among barley genotypes.     

不同基质栽培对番茄叶片光合作用和根系ATP酶的影响

以腐熟玉米秸、麦秸、菇渣、锯末等农产废弃物添加土壤后配成有机基质进行番茄栽培试验，探讨不同基质栽培对番茄叶片光合特性和根系ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明，有机基质栽培较土壤栽培植株同化产物积累增加，番茄光合速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度、呼吸速率均显著提高。有机基质栽培Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP显著升高，P-H⁺+ATPase、P-Ca²⁺-ATPase、V-H⁺-ATPase、V-Ca²⁺-ATPase活性提高。有机基质栽培番茄通过提高根系质膜和液泡膜ATPase活性、增加番茄的光合速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度，提高Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP，提高光化学效率，增强营养吸收，从而促进番茄生长和同化物形成。     

桂花叶片水分含量及光合生理特性的研究

以柳叶桂、山桂和四季桂3个桂花品种为试材,研究了其水分、光合色素的含量以及净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率和叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)的日变化。结果表明:山桂和柳叶桂的各种水分和光合色素的含量差异不显著,但与四季桂差异显著,其Pn日变化和蒸腾速率日变化都呈现先上升后下降的单峰曲线;Pn峰值出现在10:00左右,而蒸腾速率的峰值出现在12:00左右,最大光化学效率日变化呈单峰曲线,但呈现先下降后上升趋势。     

亚硫酸氢钠对茄子幼苗光合作用的影响

本试验以茄子幼苗为试材,研究NaHSO3对光合作用的影响.试验结果表明:高浓度NaHSO3抑制光合速率,低浓度的NaHSO3促进光合速率,300 mg/L NaHSO3为促进光合速率的最佳浓度.NaHSO3可提高茄子幼苗光饱和点,降低光补偿点、CO2补偿点.NaHSO3促进PSI光合电子传递,提高Rubisco的羧化活性和加氧活性,同时Rubisco的羧化活性与加氧活生的比值提高.     

Chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for herbicide mechanisms of action

Photosynthesis is the single most important source of O₂ and organic chemical energy necessary to support all non-autotrophic life forms. Plants compartmentalize this elaborate biochemical process within chloroplasts in order to safely harness the power of solar energy and convert it into usable chemical units. Stresses (biotic or abiotic) that challenge the integrity of the plant cell are likely to affect photosynthesis and alter chlorophyll fluorescence. A simple three-step assay was developed to test selected herbicides representative of the known herbicide mechanisms of action and a number of natural phytotoxins to determine their effect on photosynthesis as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. The most active compounds were those interacting directly with photosynthesis (inhibitors of photosystem I and II), those inhibiting carotenoid synthesis, and those with mechanisms of action generating reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (uncouplers and inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase). Other active compounds targeted lipids (very-long-chain fatty acid synthase and removal of cuticular waxes). Therefore, induced chlorophyll fluorescence is a good biomarker to help identify certain herbicide modes of action and their dependence on light for bioactivity.     

硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施对番茄生长及氮代谢酶活性的影响

在日光温室盆栽条件下,研究了尿素(U)、硫包膜控释尿素(SCU,控释期4个月)和树脂包膜控释尿素(RCU,控释期6个月)混施(各提供50%氮素)在同等氮素及减氮30%、50%条件下,对番茄生长、光合作用及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,所有取样时期,番茄叶片中叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、净光合速率(Pn)及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性均随氮素用量减少而下降,进而表现为番茄株高和茎粗随之降低。同等氮素条件下定植30 d后,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施处理其NR、GS和GOGAT活性均低于尿素处理,Chla、Chlb、Car含量和Pn无显著差异;定植60 d和90 d后,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施处理所有指标均高于尿素,且定植60 d后,在减氮30%条件下,其叶片中Chla、Chlb、Car含量、Pn及NR、GS和GOGAT活性与100%尿素处理差异不显著,番茄株高和茎粗长势良好。综上所述,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施在番茄生长中后期养分释放规律与番茄需肥规律基本一致,能促进光合色素合成和氮代谢相关酶活性,延缓叶片衰老,更有利于番茄产量的提高。     

长江中游区冬油菜抗冻性的光合及生物学指标筛选与分析

筛选建立低温前简易的作物抗冻性生物学特征指标识别体系对于作物抗冻育种和栽培均具有重要意义。以15个甘蓝型冬油菜品种为材料,研究油菜品种抗冻性与低温前生物学性状、叶绿素含量、光合指标之间的关系。结果表明,不同品种间抗冻性差异较大,以中双9号、皖油18、陕油8号等品种抗冻能力较强,中油杂5号和湘油17等抗冻能力较差。关联度分析结果表明,油菜冬前生物学性状及生理指标中,与冻害指数的关联度大小依次为地上部含水率>地上鲜质量>蒸腾速率(Tr)>株高>气孔导度(Gs)>开展度>光合速率(Pn)>绿叶数>叶绿素含量>地下部含水率>胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)。其中地上部含水率、地上鲜质量和蒸腾速率(Tr)与冻害指数呈极显著正相关,株高、气孔导度呈显著正相关,其他指标与冻害指数相关关系均不显著。相关性和关联度分析结果表明,地上部含水率、地上部鲜质量、蒸腾速率(Tr)和株高等光合及生物学性状可以作为油菜抗冻性的筛选指标。     

不同梨品种光合作用差异性的研究

用TPS-2便携式光合作用测定系统测定了5个梨品种的光合速率等光合作用参数。结果表明:不同类型梨品种的净光合速率差异不显著,以白梨品种莱阳茌梨的净光合速率最高。不同类型梨品种净光合速率的日变化曲线主要有单峰型和不对称双峰型。蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均呈单峰型。细胞间隙CO2浓度的日变化曲线出现单谷型和双谷型两种类型。气孔导度的日变化曲线则有多种类型。不同类型梨品种的光补偿点、光饱和点、CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均存在差异。     

外源硝酸钙对盐胁迫黄瓜幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

以较耐盐黄瓜品种新泰密刺为试材,采用营养液栽培,研究了叶面喷施Ca(NO3)2对盐胁迫(65 mmol/L NaCl)下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,外源Ca(NO3)2显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的干鲜重和叶片叶绿素含量;Ca(NO3)2也提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光条件下最大光化学效率(F'v/F'm)和光化学淬灭系数(qP),而对胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、暗条件下最大化学效率(Fv/Fm)和非光化学淬灭系数(qN)没有显著影响。这些结果说明外源Ca(NO3)2可能通过提高叶绿素含量和调节气孔限制,以缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光化学效率的抑制,进而提高植株耐盐胁迫能力,促进其生长。     

植物δ~(13)C与土壤盐分的关系研究综述

稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)综合反映了植物的生理生态特征,可用于研究植物生理与生态环境之间的关系。大多数研究认为植物δ13C值随盐度增加而变重。盐分主要通过影响C3植物叶片气孔传导、光合作用等生理活动,使植物δ13C值发生变化。而有些植物为适应盐分胁迫可能发生光合途径的转换,使C3代谢转换成C4或CAM代谢,导致植物某些器官的δ13C值发生变化,而植株整体δ13C值变化较小。由于植物δ13C与土壤盐分的关系还受其他环境因素的影响以及室内试验的有限性,因此进一步扩大盐度梯度范围,延长盐处理时间以及开展大田试验显得很有必要。