新型复合吸附剂HG对黄曲霉毒素B1和呕吐毒素的吸附脱毒研究

[目的]评价一种新型吸附剂HG对黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)和呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol,DON)的吸附效果.[方法]以水合硅酸铝钠钙(HSCAS)为基础,配合葡甘露聚糖(GM),以合理配比制备成一种新型复合吸附剂HG,通过体外等温吸附试验、不同pH值下的吸附试验以及蛋雏鸡体内试验等,综合评价其吸附效果.[结果]HG对AFB1的吸附符合Langmuir方程,平均吸附率为90.24％;HG对DON的等温吸附则无规律,平均吸附率为28.08％.HG能够改善由霉变饲料引起的肝脏、肾脏、脾脏的肿胀,以及胸腺和法氏囊的萎缩,可将总蛋白、白蛋白含量和血清酶活性恢复至正常水平,而且可改善霉变饲料引起的氧化应激作用.同时,单纯添加HG对蛋鸡的各项指标并无显著影响.[结论]体外试验中HG对两种毒素的吸附表现良好;体内试验结果同样证明了HG对动物机体几乎无损害,各检测指标充分表明HG具备与体外试验同样效果的吸附性,这对实现畜产品的绿色生产具有重要的实际价值.     

FAC1基因对禾谷镰刀菌的菌丝膨大处细胞核分裂的影响

 与大多数丝状真菌一样,禾谷镰刀菌中也存在依赖cAMP信号调节的蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)信号通路-cAMP-PKA信号通路。前期研究发现,该信号通路在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol, DON)的合成中扮演着重要角色。FAC1作为cAMP-PKA信号通路上游基因,它的缺失可导致DON无法合成。本研究发现,FAC1的缺失可严重影响DON合成相关基因TRI1在转录水平和翻译水平上的表达。显微观察发现,Tri1定位在细胞核周围,并且与野生型菌株PH-1相比,fac1突变体在产毒培养基内菌丝膨大结构的形成增多。此外,与未膨大菌丝相比,野生型菌株PH-1菌丝膨大结构处细胞核分裂明显增多,该位点多于4个细胞核的比例达到65.4%,而fac1突变体中菌丝膨大结构处核分裂数仅为0~3个,其中0~2个的占90.7%。研究结果表明,在产毒培养基中特有形成的菌丝膨大结构与DON合成之间并没有必然联系, DON毒素的合成应与菌丝膨大结构处细胞核分裂密切相关。     

DON净化柱——高效液相色谱法检测粮谷中呕吐毒素

通过自制DON净化柱和高效液相色谱仪,建立了检测谷物中呕吐毒素的方法.样品经乙腈—水溶剂提取后,通过自制的DON净化柱净化,采用C18分离柱和紫外检测器测定.结果表明:样品通过乙腈—水(体积比V/V,84∶16)混合溶剂和超声20 min的提取,可大幅度提高方法回收率;呕吐毒素在0.5 mg/kg～8.0mg/kg内线性关系好,相关系数为0.999;在0.5、2.0和8.0mg/kg的加标水平下,回收率为95.1％～102.3％,相对标准偏差为1.8％～6.4％,检出限(信噪比)为50μg/kg.     

培养基质中添加酯化葡甘露聚糖和DON对小鼠脾细胞生长和转化的影响

将体外培养的脾细胞分为5组,以RPMI-1640为基础培养基,第1组为空白对照组;第2组为阳性对照组,添加500 μg/L DON;第3组、第4组和第5组在添加500 μg/L DON的基础上分别添加0.05%、0.10%和0.15%的EGM。在培养72 h后,测定各组培养基质中MDA含量、SOD活性、脾细胞存活率和淋巴细胞转化率。结果表明,第1组、第4组和第5组的脾细胞存活率、SOD活性极显著高于第2组(P<0.01);第1组、第4组和第5组的淋巴细胞转化率显著高于第2组(P>0.05);第2组培养液中MDA含量显著高于第1组、第4组和第5组(P<0.05);第1组、第4组和第5组各项指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此表明,EGM能很好地吸附DON,减轻DON对小鼠脾细胞的毒性作用;EGM在饲料中的适宜添加剂量为0.10%。     

储存对小麦中DON毒素含量的变化规律研究

本研究的目的是调查南京地区含有脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivaleno,DON,又称致吐毒素)的小麦中常温储存条件下DON毒素浓度的变化情况。采用耦联电子捕获器气谱色谱仪对小麦储存期内面粉中的DON含量逐月进行检测。小麦面粉储存前DON浓度是8.83±1.75 mg/kg,储存期DON毒素平均浓度分别为6.66、7.33、6.08、7.90、5.45、6.56、7.29、8.02、6.82和8.60 mg/kg,结果表明在储存期间小麦面粉中的DON毒素没有明显变化。研究结果揭示了在调查地区常温储存条件下,小麦中的致吐毒素没有发生显著的变化。     

戊唑醇与羟菌唑对小麦赤霉病的田间防效试验

2001~2003年,对不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病的效果进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,接种前2,3 d和接种后2,3,5 d喷施三唑类杀菌剂,与接种未喷药对照相比,戊唑醇可使小麦赤霉病病情指数减少76.47%~78.67%,籽粒中毒素含量减少64.19%~81.39%,增产10.81%~21.15%;羟菌唑可使小麦赤霉病病情指数减少74.64%~82.06%,籽粒中毒素含量减少42.43%~88.01%,增产11.01%~13.35%;大田示范试验中,处理区小麦赤霉病病情指数比对照区平均减少91.92%;对照药剂多菌灵与利德隆对小麦赤霉病也有很好的防治效果。     

合肥蜀山森林公园马尾松林松材线虫病危害后 土壤溶解性有机碳氮与养分的变化

以合肥蜀山森林公园松材线虫病危害后的马尾松林为研究对象,对不同受损程度(轻度和重度)的马尾松林土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)和氮(DON)及土壤养分的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,不同受损的马尾松林土壤N、P、NO3--N和AP含量均随土层深度的增加而减少,而K、Ca、Mg含量则相反。经方差分析,重度受损林分土壤的NH4+-N和NO3--N含量显著高于轻度受损林分,而土壤的K、Ca、Mg含量表现为轻度受损林分显著高于重度受损林分。不同受损的马尾松林土壤DOC和DON含量均随土层深度的增加而逐渐下降,且在同一土层内重度受损林分均略高于轻度受损林分。相关性分析显示,重度受损林分土壤DOC和DON含量分别与土壤N、P存在极显著的正相关,与AP存在显著的正相关,同时分别与Ca、Mg含量存在着不同程度的负相关性。轻度受损林分土壤DOC含量分别与N、P、NO3--N之间存在极显著的正相关,与Mg存在极显著的负相关;DON含量仅与Ca、NO3--N存在不同程度的显著相关。     

Episodic rewetting enhances carbon and nitrogen release from chaparral soils

The short-term pulse of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization that accompanies the wetting of dry soils may dominate annual C and N production in many arid and semi-arid environments characterized by seasonal transitions. We used a laboratory incubation to evaluate the impact of short-term fluctuations in soil moisture on long-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and the degree to which rewetting enhances C and N release. Following repeated drying and rewetting of chaparral soils, cumulative CO₂ release in rewet soils was 2.2-3.7 times greater than from soils maintained at equivalent mean soil moisture and represented 12-18% of the total soil C pool. Rewetting frequency did not affect cumulative CO₂ release but did enhance N turnover, and net N mineralization and nitrification increased with rewetting in spite of significant reductions in nitrification potential. Litter addition decreased inorganic N release but enhanced dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from dry soils, indicating the potential importance of a litter-derived pulse to short-term nutrient dynamics.     

免疫亲合柱在小麦真菌毒素检测中的应用及毒素污染分析

利用真菌毒素特异性抗体制备的免疫亲合柱净化样品，检测了31个小麦样品中5种真菌毒素的污染情况。结果显示，31个样品污染毒素比较普遍，但污染水平低，小麦样品处于安全状态。具体情况是：AFB1，阳性率为74．19％，平均值为1．13μg／kg，中值为0．3μg／kg，最大值为11μg／kg；OTA，阳性率为100％，平均值为1．59μg／kg，中值为1μg／kg，最大值为3μg／kg；ZON，阳性率为100％，平均值为83μg／kg，中值为71μg／kg，最大值为330μg／kg；T-2，阳性率为22．58％，平均值为49μg／kg，中值为0，最大值为500μg／kg；DON，阳性率为6．45％，平均值为200μg／kg，中值为0，最大值为3800μg／kg。     

Fast turnover of low molecular weight components of the dissolved organic carbon pool of temperate grassland field soils

Large amounts of low molecular weight (LMW;<250 Da) carbon (C) are lost from roots into the rhizosphere as a consequence of root turnover and exudation. Their rates of turnover after release into the soil remain poorly understood. We extracted soil solution from a temperate grassland Eutric Cambisol, isotopically labeled the glucose and amino acid components, and then re-injected the solution back into the soil. We followed the subsequent evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ and incorporation of the LMW C into the soil microbial biomass or grasses for 48 h. The experiments were performed both on grazed and un-grazed swards in the field, and in the laboratory. In the field, we showed that glucose and amino acids had short half-lives (t_1/2) in soil solution (t_1/2=20-40 min), but that they persisted in soil microbes for much longer. A first-order double exponential model fitted the experimental data well and gave rate constant (k) values of 1.21-2.14 h⁻¹ for k₁ and 0.0025-0.0048 h⁻¹ for k₂. Only small amounts of the added ¹⁴C were recovered in plant biomass (<5% of total added to soil) indicating that plant roots are poor competitors for LMW dissolved organic C (DOC) in comparison to soil microorganisms. The first phase of glucose and amino acid mineralization in the laboratory was slower (t_1/2=40-60 min) than measured in the field reinforcing the importance of making flux measurements in situ. Whilst grazing stimulated below-ground respiration, it exerted only a small influence on the turnover of LMW DOC suggesting that the increase in respiration was due to increased root respiration and not turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). Our results suggest that some components of the LMW DOC pool are turned over extremely rapidly (ca. 4000 times annually).