Characterization of plant-derived water extractable organic matter by multiple spectroscopic techniques

Water extractable organic matter (WEOM) derived from fresh- or early-stage decomposing soil amendment materials may play an important role in the process of organic matter accumulation. In this study, eight WEOM samples extracted with a 40:1 (v/w) water to sample ratio from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), lupin (Lupinus albus L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and dairy manure were investigated using ultraviolet (UV)–visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and solid state ¹³C NMR spectroscopies. UV–visible and FT-IR spectra of the plant-derived WEOM samples were typical for natural organic matter, but possessed less humic-like characteristics than dairy manure-derived WEOM. Solution ³¹P NMR spectra indicated that WEOM samples extracted from alfalfa, corn, and soybean shoots contained both orthophosphate and monoester P. Of the monoester P in WEOM from soybean shoot, 70% was phytate P. WEOM from crimson clover, hairy vetch, lupin, and wheat shoots contained orthophosphate only. The solid-state ¹³C NMR spectra of the seven plant-derived WEOM samples indicated that they all were primarily composed of sugars, amino acids or peptides, and low molecular mass carboxylic acids. Carbohydrates were dominant components with very few aromatics present in these samples. In addition, WEOM from crimson clover and lupin, but not other three leguminous plant WEOM samples, contained significant asparagine. On the other hand, WEOM from corn and wheat contained less amino acids or peptides. The spectra of WEOM of dairy manure revealed the presence of significant amounts of nonprotonated carbons and lignin residues, suggesting humification of the manure-derived WEOM. Significant carbohydrates as well as aromatics were present in this WEOM. The P and C bonding information for these WEOM samples may be useful for understanding the effects of WEOM on soil nutrient availability to plants. Trade or manufacturers' names mentioned in the paper are for information only and do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or exclusion by the USDA-ARS.     

紫外—可见分光光度法在兽药分析中的应用

笔者概述了紫外-可见分光光度法在兽药分析中的应用现状,根据其分析原理的不同进行了分类,阐述了其在实际应用中的注意事项.     

盐酸林可霉素紫外分光光度测定方法的建立

以0.02 mol/L氯化钯溶液为参比液,采用紫外分光光度法在380 nm±1 nm波长处测定盐酸林可霉素注射液中林可霉素的含量.结果表明,林可霉素在50 μg/mL～250 μg/mL范围内,其吸光度与浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为0.9%(n=5).该方法操作简便、快速,结果准确,适于作为生产企业中间产品的质量控制方法.     

分光光度法测定树脂包衣尿素溶出的研究

研究了对二甲氨基苯甲醛分光光度法应用于树脂包衣尿素养分溶出测定的可行性。对二甲氨基苯甲醛与尿素在酸性条件下生成黄色物质,其吸光值与尿素溶液的浓度成正比。结果表明,该方法与蒸馏后滴定法测定尿素相关性非常好,测定过程中缩二脲和硝态氮、铵态氮的干扰少。树脂包衣尿素养分溶出测定期间,尿素样品分解量少,分光光度法与蒸馏后滴定法的测定结果相关性非常好。试验证明两种方法测定包衣尿素溶出均可给出满意的结果,但分光光度法更快速、简便,适合于大批量样品的测定。     

一种改进的双色SDS-PAGE凝胶和可视化上样电泳方法

SDS-PAGE电泳是蛋白质分析和研究中的重要高效手段．由于分离胶、浓缩胶与电泳缓冲液以及空气都是无色透明的物质,在胶的制作和点样过程中仅仅通过浓缩胶相与缓冲液水相或空气相对光的折射来准确判断点样孔的位置并进行点样操作,因而比较困难．该文介绍1种在浓缩胶中添加颜色染料,使浓缩胶显现颜色,以此可视化区分浓缩胶中点样孔（井）位置的方法,可以准确而高效完成点样操作,使传统的SDS-PAGE点样过程通过折光性来判断变为可视化准确判断,提高点样效率和电泳质量．      

Assay conditions and validation of a new UV spectrophotometric method using microplates for the determination of polyphenol content

A new spectrophotometric assay for the quantification of polyphenolic content has been validated. It is based on Prussian Blue method and adapted to microplate spectrophotometry. Prussian Blue reaction is critically dependent on reaction time, but microplate spectrophotometry permits exact measures of many samples at the same time. This new method is precise, reproducible, repeatable and exact.     

基于三维荧光光谱法的水样中苯酚和对苯二酚含量测定

[目的]研究用荧光分光光度法测定水中苯酚和对苯二酚的含量,为环境样品中痕量物质的分析提供测定方法。[方法]取水样,加入β-环糊精溶液、EDTA溶液及缓冲溶液后测定。[结果]在波长对为λEx/λEm=240 nm/309 nm时测定苯酚含量,线性范围为0～1×10-4mol/L,检出限为6.6×10-8mol/L;在波长对为λEx/λEm=310 nm/340 nm时测定对苯二酚含量,线性范围为0～1.5×10-5mol/L,检出限为5.2×10-9mol/L。[结论]通过三维荧光扫描来选择干扰少而测定灵敏度较高的检测波长,实现了荧光分光光度法直接测定水样中的苯酚和对苯二酚含量。     

分光光度法测定凤仙花中总黄酮的含量

［目的］建立能够准确测定凤仙花中总黄酮含量的方法。［方法］分别以芦丁、山柰酚为对照品,可见分光光度法是采用AlCl3显色,在412 nm波长处测定总黄酮的含量;紫外分光光度法在270 nm处测定总黄酮的含量。［结果］以芦丁、山柰酚为对照品采用可见分光光度法测得总黄酮含量的平均回收率分别为98.52%、99.72%,RSD分别为2.38%、3.14%;紫外分光光度法测得总黄酮含量的平均回收率分别为97.53%、98.75%,RSD分别为2.71%、2.86%。［结论］以山柰酚为对照品、采用AlCl3为显色剂的可见分光光度法是一种较理想的测定凤仙花中总黄酮含量的方法。     

两种过氧化氢酶活性测定方法的比较

在实验室条件下,通过对金鱼肝脏的CAT活性测定结果进行误差分析来比较碘量滴定法和可见光分光光度法两种方法的优缺点。结果表明:碘量滴定法操作简单,但由于反应时间不易控制、滴定终点判断误差大、中间反应的干扰因素较多,使得用该方法测得的数据标准差较大,精确度较差;可见光分光光度法克服了碘量法的缺点,测得结果的标准差较小,灵敏度较好,精确度较高,但该方法操作较复杂,提取的酶液浓度、显色反应的产物等也可能干扰结果。     

双波长分光光度法测定青钱柳总黄酮含量的研究

实验采用三氯化铝显色,双波长分光光度法对青钱柳总黄酮含量进行测定研究.该测定黄酮含量方法简便、准确、快速.