防治桑枝芽枯萎细菌病害药物室内药效测定初报

作者1995~1996年对征集到的20多种杀菌剂,对桑枝、芽枯萎细菌病病原细菌No:1、No:2号菌株,应用植物病原细菌室内药效测定常规方法——抑菌圈法进行筛选,最后得出硫酸链霉素、盐酸土霉素、代森铵、抗菌素402、新洁尔灭、波尔多液、甲醛共七种对供试菌株效力较强,其中硫酸链霉素、盐酸土霉素、代森铵、波尔多液、甲醛已在病区小区试验和大田防治效果良好.     

不同砧木对苹果树水分状况日变化的影响

不同砧木红星苹果树含水量的日变化呈Ｖ形曲线。以乔砧树最高,Ｍ７中间砧树次之,Ｍ９中间砧树较低。含水量的日变化与水势的日变化基本呈正相关。地上部含水量与砧木解剖构造有关,矮砧树地上部含水量较低是导致树体矮化的因素之一     

橡胶树死皮病黄色体差异表达蛋白的初步分析

橡胶树"死皮病"给橡胶种植业带来严重的危害.为了更好地了解和阐明死皮病发生、发展的分子机制,研究应用双向凝胶电泳技术(two-dimensional gel electrophshiya/oresis,2-DE)比较橡胶树死皮株与健康株胶乳黄色体蛋白质组表达的差异.采用TCA/丙酮沉淀法提取橡胶树死皮株与健康株黄色体蛋白质并采用固相pH梯度(immobjlized pH graalient,IPG)双向凝胶电泳分离两种材料蛋白质,凝胶经银染显色后,用PDQuest图像分析软件进行比较分析、识别差异表达的蛋白质.成功获得橡胶树死皮株与健康株胶乳黄色体的双向凝胶电泳图谱.鉴定出13个蛋白差异点,其中10个上调表达,3个下调表达.并应用质谱技术鉴定了其中部分表达差异的蛋白质点,对渗调蛋白进行功能分析,认为渗调蛋白在死皮株中表现下调的情形可能与死皮病的发生有一定的关系.     

果树中基因枪法遗传转化的研究进展

目前,应用于果树遗传转化的方法主要有农杆菌介导法和DNA直接导入法。介绍了DNA直接导入法中基因枪转化技术的原理、类型和基因枪的轰击参数、受体材料、基因型、轰击前后的培养条件等对其遗传转化频率的影响,并系统地概述了基因枪法在选择标记基因、报告基因、改良果树性状相关基因、启动子及多基因遗传转化中的应用研究进展,同时对果树基因枪转化研究中存在的问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

SH系矮化中间砧对‘富士’苹果树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响

2009年春季定植不同类型SH系矮化中间砧(SH1、SH3、SH6、SH9和SH40)苹果苗(宫藤富士/SH系砧木/平邑甜茶),株行距为1.5 m×5.0 m,纺锤形整形修剪,常规管理。2016年调查树体生长、冠层光照分布和果实产量品质的差异,为苹果矮化砧木的筛选利用提供参考。研究结果表明,栽植第8年(2016年),各中间砧嫁接树体的砧穗干周比无显著差异;SH1和SH6中间砧嫁接的树体最矮,SH40最高且冠幅最大;树体干周直径由高到低依次为:SH40、SH3、SH9、SH6和SH1;各中间砧嫁接树体总枝量均超过140万条·hm~(-2);SH6嫁接树体短枝比例最高,树势中庸;SH3和SH9短枝比例最低。各中间砧嫁接树体冠层平均相对光照强度由高到低依次为SH3(72.88%)、SH6(70.85%)、SH9(65.51%)、SH1(62.23%)和SH40(61.82%),SH6嫁接树体相对光照强度小于30%和40%的区域最小,仅为2.08%和4.17%。比较各中间砧树体连续稳产4年的结果情况,SH6嫁接树体4年(2013—2016年)累计产量最高且稳产性最好,SH1产量较低,SH9稳产性较差。各中间砧嫁接树平均单果质量由高到低依次为SH40 SH6 SH9 SH3 SH1。不同中间砧嫁接树果实不同类型糖含量和比例存在显著差异;而总酸含量、不同类型酸的含量(除草酸外)和比例差异不显著;SH6嫁接树果实糖酸比显著高于SH1、SH3和SH9。综合树体的生长和结果能力,SH6为中间砧嫁接‘富士’表现较好。     

Seasonal changes in pasture biomass and grazing behaviour of cattle in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana

Spatial and temporal availability of pasture vegetation and cattle grazing behaviour in three seasons (intermediate season [IM], peak season [PS] and dry season [DS]) in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana was examined. The frequency of occurrence of three species groups (grass, legume and forbs) and biomass yield was estimated in 1 m² plots. The grazing behaviour of 18 cows from six herds was monitored over three days per animal. Season affected the prevalence of species groups with grasses being most dominant in all seasons. Most grazing lands were heavily grazed in IM and DS but moderately grazed in PS. Whilst harvested rice fields represented the most frequently grazed land in DS, fallowed hard pans were used in PS and IM. Biomass yield was highest in DS owing to the contribution of crop residues from harvested farmlands. Carrying capacity was linked to biomass production and averaged 0.55 in DS, 0.38 in PR and 0.21 in IM. Animals spent less time outside the kraal in PS than IM and DS. Walking time was higher in DS than in IM and PS. Less than 20% of the time on pasture was spent on resting, watering and social interaction across seasons.     

Dietary cation and anion difference: Effects on milk production and body fluid distribution in lactating dairy goats under tropical conditions

This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD) on milk production and body fluid distribution in lactating dairy goats. Ten dairy goats were selected and divided into two groups, five animals each. Animals received either control DCAD (control, 22.81 mEq/100 g dry matter (DM)) or high DCAD (DCAD, 39.08 mEq/100 g DM). The results indicated that rectal temperature (Tr), respiration rate, milk yield and compositions did not differ between groups. But the percentage change of Tr from the DCAD group was lower than the control group between 09.00 and 13.00 hours. DM intake tended to increase in the DCAD group. Dairy goats in the DCAD group drank more water, but urinary excretion and plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration remained unchanged. Apparent water balance was higher from the DCAD group over 24 h. There was no effect of DCAD on plasma and blood volumes, but tended to increase in extracellular fluid and thereby increased total body water. The present results indicate that animals supplemented with high DCAD increase their total body water and apparent water balance. These results have contributed to the process of adaptation for evaporative cooling and would be useful in slowing down the elevation in Tr.     

茶树油对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标及脏器指数的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同剂量茶树油对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻情况、血清生化指标和脏器指数的影响,并探究其替代抗生素的可行性。试验选取21日龄、体重（6.73±0.12）kg的健康杜洛克×长白猪×大白猪三元杂交断奶仔猪120头,随机分为5组,分别为对照组（CON组,基础日粮）、抗生素组（ANT组,基础日粮+200 mg/kg 10%硫酸黏菌素+75 mg/kg 15%金霉素）、低剂量茶树油组（LTO组,基础日粮+50 mg/kg茶树油）、中剂量茶树油组（MTO组,基础日粮+100 mg/kg茶树油）和高剂量茶树油组（HTO组,基础日粮+150 mg/kg茶树油）,每组6个重复,每个重复4头仔猪。正试期21 d。试验期间,测定每组仔猪的平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）及料重比（F/G）;在试验结束时,每个重复选取1头仔猪采血后屠宰,取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胸腺、胰脏,测定脏器指数。结果显示：①MTO、HTO组ADG较CON组分别增加8.33%和14.84%（P>0.05）,F/G分别降低9.58%和7.78%（P>0.05）,二者均与ANT组无显著差异（P>0.05）;②与CON组相比,ANT、MTO和HTO组腹泻率和腹泻指数均显著降低（P<0.05）,其中MTO组降幅最大;③与ANT组相比,MTO、HTO组谷草转氨酶（AST）及谷氨酰基转移酶（GGT）活性显著降低（P<0.05）,LTO、HTO组葡萄糖（GLU）含量显著降低（P<0.05）,各组血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLOB）和白蛋白/球蛋白（A/G）均无显著差异（P>0.05）;④与ANT组相比,MTO、HTO组的肝脏指数显著升高（P<0.05）,LTO组胸腺指数显著升高（P<0.05）。综上所述,在日粮中添加适量茶树油（100 mg/kg）可一定程度促进断奶仔猪生长、降低腹泻,促进肝脏和胸腺的发育,可一定程度替代抗生素的使用。     

The feasibility of remotely sensed data to estimate urban tree dimensions and biomass

Accurately measuring the biophysical dimensions of urban trees, such as crown diameter, stem diameter, height, and biomass, is essential for quantifying their collective benefits as an urban forest. However, the cost of directly measuring thousands or millions of individual trees through field surveys can be prohibitive. Supplementing field surveys with remotely sensed data can reduce costs if measurements derived from remotely sensed data are accurate. This study identifies and measures the errors incurred in estimating key tree dimensions from two types of remotely sensed data: high-resolution aerial imagery and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). Using Sacramento, CA, as the study site, we obtained field-measured dimensions of 20 predominant species of street trees, including 30–60 randomly selected trees of each species. For each of the 802 trees crown diameter was estimated from the aerial photo and compared with the field-measured crown diameter. Three curve-fitting equations were tested using field measurements to derive diameter at breast height (DBH) (r² = 0.883, RMSE = 10.32 cm) from the crown diameter. The accuracy of tree height extracted from the LiDAR-based surface model was compared with the field-measured height (RMSE = 1.64 m). We found that the DBH and tree height extracted from the remotely sensed data were lower than their respective field-measured values without adjustment. The magnitude of differences in these measures tended to be larger for smaller-stature trees than for larger stature species. Using DBH and tree height calculated from remotely sensed data, aboveground biomass (r² = 0.881, RMSE = 799.2 kg) was calculated for individual tree and compared with results from field-measured DBH and height. We present guidelines for identifying potential errors in each step of data processing. These findings inform the development of procedures for monitoring tree growth with remote sensing and for calculating single tree level carbon storage using DBH from crown diameter and tree height in the urban forest.     

苹果轮纹病菌与干腐病菌的研究

从不同品种、不同地点的苹果树上的轮纹斑、干腐斑及病枯枝取样,观察到苹果轮纹病菌与苹果干腐病菌的有性阶段的形态特征容易区分,无性阶段在形态特征上不易区分。经人工接种,两种病原菌在果实上引起的症状相同。经测定,两菌的生物学特性及酯酶同工酶有差异,两菌的菌丝能融合。