不同细胞质的金针菇菌丝差异蛋白分析

以黄色金针菇(Flammulina filiformis)单核菌株Y33和白色金针菇单核菌株W8为供试菌株,采用双向核迁移技术,获得一对具有相同细胞核、不同细胞质的双核菌株Y8-33和W8-33(简称异质双核菌株)。采用菌落形态观察、显微镜检查与分子标记对这两个双核菌株进行验证分析,并以菌株W8-33菌丝样品为对照,采用双向凝胶电泳技术对金针菇异质双核菌株菌丝的蛋白质组进行分析。结果表明:异质双核菌株Y8-33和W8-33菌丝均具有锁状联合结构,在菌落形态上呈现明显差异,但ISSR分子标记的PCR扩增产物具有很高的相似性。在Y8-33菌丝样品中共鉴定出17个差异蛋白,包括8个上调蛋白、9个下调蛋白;其中,14-3-3蛋白、微管蛋白、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶、ARF/SAR蛋白家族以及热激蛋白HSP90、HSP70和HSS1差异蛋白可能在由于受体细胞不同所导致的不同细胞质环境下,对金针菇的生长生理起到重要的调控作用。     

盐胁迫下枣叶片蛋白质组差异的分析

【目的】为了探明盐胁迫下枣蛋白表达的差异,【方法】以较耐盐碱的‘七月鲜’枣品种的扦插苗为材料,经过临界浓度(0.60%)的钠盐(NaCl)处理,取其叶片进行蛋白质双向电泳,经ImageMaster 2D分析,【结果】结果表明,处理与对照之间总蛋白的整体分布模式非常相似,在pH 3~10和MW50~90 kD内的蛋白点分布最多,处理与对照之间量变倍数大于1.5倍的差异点有26个,其中6个蛋白受胁迫上调,20个蛋白受胁迫下调。在上调的蛋白质点中,3个点受盐胁迫诱导增加了近4倍,2个蛋白质点相对丰度增加了2倍以上,表现出强烈的盐诱导特性。说明他们可能在枣的抗盐机制中发挥重要作用。在下调的蛋白质点中,2个点相对丰度降低至对照的5倍左右,表现出强烈的盐抑制特性,说明其可能是对盐胁迫比较敏感的2个蛋白质或多肽,并且在枣的抗盐性机制中也发挥比较重要的作用。【结论】在临界浓度钠盐胁迫下,枣叶片蛋白质表达有显著差异。     

'白核'龙眼种子败育不同时期差异蛋白分析

以'白核'龙眼种子为试验材料,比较两种蛋白质的提取方法,确定了酚抽法提取龙眼种子蛋白.应用蛋白质组学研究技术,分析了龙眼种子败育4个不同时期的蛋白质组变化,共发现21个差异蛋白,其中9个上调表达,12个下调表达.通过MALDI/TOF/TOF-MS/MS质谱分析和蛋白质数据库检索,共鉴定出12个差异蛋白,分别为胞质苹果酸脱氢酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶、磷酸甘油酸变位酶、RuBisCO大亚基结合蛋白α、β亚基、17 kD HSP、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、胞质抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、半胱氨酸蛋白酶、Dessication-related protein以及两个未知蛋白.这些鉴定出的差异蛋白质与能量和物质代谢、分子伴侣功能、自由基清除和抗氧化作用、细胞凋亡等生理过程密切相关,可能参与了龙眼种子败育过程.     

龙眼果实采后果皮褐变过程差异表达蛋白分析

【目的】探讨龙眼果实采后果皮常温褐变过程的差异表达蛋白变化。【方法】以‘乌龙岭’龙眼为研究对象,龙眼果实采后在常温(28±2)°C下贮藏0、1、3和5 d后,应用双向电泳和MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS技术分析果皮的差异蛋白。【结果】在龙眼常温下贮藏0、1、3和5 d等不同时间点,共检测到42个差异蛋白至少发生一次丰度在2倍以上的表达变化,其中38个蛋白被成功鉴定,有14个上调表达,20个下调表达,4个复杂变化。这些蛋白质参与了应激和防御(13.2%)、蛋白折叠、稳定和降解(28.9%)、能量与物质代谢(26.3%)、信号转导(10.5%)和次生代谢(2.6%)等生理过程。【结论】脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白质二硫键异构酶的下调表达,可能引起龙眼果实采后果皮细胞内活性氧增加;苹果酸酶和膜联蛋白的下调表达,可能与生物膜系统完整性的破坏有关;另外泛素结合酶、蛋白酶体α亚基和20S蛋白酶体PAF1亚基的下调表达,可能导致对果皮细胞中损伤或失活蛋白的选择性降解速率降低,使细胞内环境平衡失调;而过氧化物酶的上调表达,可能引起酚类物质反应生成褐色物质,致使果皮发生褐变。     

百合抗病无性系抗枯萎病的蛋白质组学分析

以百合抗病无性系和感病无性系为试验材料,开展了百合抗尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病的蛋白质组学研究,以期明确抗病无性系参与抗病反应的关键蛋白。利用蛋白质双向凝胶电泳技术,对被百合尖孢镰刀菌诱导0、24、48和72 h的抗病无性系和感病无性系进行差异蛋白分析。经质谱检测及数据库检索,鉴定了25个差异蛋白质点,其中10个鉴定为未知功能的蛋白,其余15个依据其相关功能分为4类,即防御反应相关蛋白、光合作用相关蛋白、糖类及能量代谢相关蛋白和热激蛋白。其中参与防御反应的病程相关蛋白（推定的抗病蛋白RPS2、推定的抗晚疫病同族蛋白R1C-3、过氧化物酶Q、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和NBS-LRR类似蛋白）可能是百合抗病无性系介入抗病防御反应的关键蛋白。     

广叶绣球菌子实体不同发育阶段的比较蛋白质组学分析

利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification,iTRAQ)标记结合二维液相色谱串联质谱(two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,2D LC-MS/MS)技术,研究广叶绣球菌(Sparassis latifolia)原基期、幼菇期和成熟子实体阶段的差异表达蛋白质组.采用Q-Exactive质谱鉴定并经ProteinPilot软件搜库,对所获得的差异蛋白进行GO (gene ontology)、KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)和转录因子注释分析.结果共鉴定到可信蛋白2305个,其中2219个蛋白具有相对定量信息.与原基期相比,幼菇期显著上调蛋白104个,下调蛋白142个,子实体阶段显著上调蛋白155个,下调蛋白460个.GO分子功能提示这些差异性蛋白主要参与催化活性、蛋白结合和水解酶活性.KEGG代谢通路分析结果显示,差异蛋白主要涉及碳代谢、氨基酸合成、核糖体、糖酵解/糖衍生等代谢过程.差异蛋白中与信号传导和转录因子相关的蛋白数量分别为27个和7个.     

叶色黄化突变体甜瓜叶片蛋白质组差异分析

采用双向电泳(2-DE)技术,对薄皮甜瓜白莎蜜1号和叶色黄化突变体9388-1叶片蛋白质组差异表达进行分析与鉴定。结果表明,在双向电泳图谱上检测到比较清晰的蛋白点共1 136个;蛋白质特异性表达及3倍差异表达的蛋白点分别为89个和102个,其中白莎蜜1号特异性表达的蛋白点有9个,叶色黄化突变体9388-1有80个,二者表达丰度3倍差异的蛋白点各51个;在叶色黄化突变体9388-1中表现上调的蛋白点24个,表现下调的蛋白点27个;从差异表达的蛋白点中筛选19个进行质谱分析和数据库检索,鉴定出参与能量产生与转换蛋白1个、核苷酸运输与代谢蛋白2个、碳水化合物运输与代谢蛋白8个、翻译后修饰及蛋白周转和伴侣蛋白2个、细胞骨架及细胞壁与细胞膜合成蛋白2个,其差异表达均可能与叶色黄化有关。     

葡萄着色期果皮蛋白质组分析

为了研究葡萄不同着色期果皮中蛋白质表达特征,以着色初期、中期和后期等3个着色时期的葡萄果皮为研究对象,运用2-DE、MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS质谱技术以及生物信息学方法对差异蛋白进行分析,结果表明:(1)双向凝胶电泳显示,果皮着色3个时期有1050个高度重复的蛋白点,差异显著的蛋白点有162个,其中108个蛋白得到鉴定,有87个蛋白映射到葡萄蛋白质组数据库中;3个时期均表达的差异蛋白有20个,且随着果皮颜色加深,差异蛋白数量呈上升趋势。(2)GO分析显示,ATP合成酶β亚基(ATPβ)极显著富集于磷酸核糖代谢过程,对着色初期果皮生理代谢的能量需求具有重要意义。(3)KEGG分析表明,碳代谢、生物固碳、磷酸戊糖、氨基酸生物合成等代谢通路在果皮着色的不同时期显著富集。(4)qRT-PCR分析显示,S–腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因(VvMETK4)在果皮着色后期表达量最高。     

应用2D-DIGE技术分析柑橘衰退病毒诱导的甜橙差异表达蛋白

【目的】为了研究柑橘衰退病毒(Citrus tristeza virus,CTV)诱导甜橙差异表达蛋白的分离和鉴定,【方法】以接种了CTV的甜橙植株为实验组,健康植株为对照组,利用双向荧光差异凝胶电泳(2D-DIGE)技术分析CTV诱导的甜橙差异表达蛋白。【结果】以t检验P<0.05和相对表达量≥1.5的水平作为判别标准,获得了91个CTV诱导的差异表达蛋白点,在实验组中含量高于对照组的蛋白56个,含量低于对照组的蛋白35个。通过MALDI-TOF质谱分析成功鉴定从中选择的37个蛋白点,其中19个蛋白功能明确,16个为预测或假定具有某种蛋白功能,包括与抗氧化相关的硫氧还蛋白、铁氧还蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化酶,与代谢相关的磷酸甘油酸酯水解酶、木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶、变味蛋白,分子伴侣热激蛋白,折叠酶肽酰脯氨酰顺反式异构酶,以及与光合代谢相关的蛋白等。【结论】CTV的侵染影响到甜橙各种复杂的生物学过程。     

笃斯越橘响应低温和短光周期的蛋白质组分析

以3年生笃斯越橘苗为材料,将苗木分别置于对照(23℃,日照长度14 h),低温短日照(4℃,日照长度10 h)和低温长日照(4℃,日照长度14 h)的人工气候室中。处理21 d后,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(iTRAQ)蛋白质组学技术测定枝条蛋白质表达变化情况。结果显示:通过质谱鉴定出5 972个蛋白质,600个差异表达蛋白,其中在低温短日照与对照比对组中,丰度显著上调蛋白有140个,丰度显著下调蛋白有114个;在低温长日照与对照比对组中,丰度显著上调蛋白有255个,丰度显著下调蛋白有122个;在低温短日照与低温长日照比对组中,丰度显著上调蛋白有39个,丰度显著下调蛋白有187个。这些蛋白主要参与(1)RNA代谢,(2)蛋白质翻译后修饰,(3)碳水化合物转运和代谢,(4)能量代谢和转换,(5)脂质代谢,(6)次生代谢产物合成,(7)抗氧化与胁迫防御,(8)光合作用,(9)无机离子转运和代谢。结果表明与抗冻性有关的蛋白差异表达主要受低温诱导,少数蛋白表达受低温和光周期共同影响,低温短光周期更有利于抗冻性形成。低温锻炼可显著提高RNA代谢、蛋白质翻译后修饰、抗氧化和防御反应、次生代谢产物合成以及脂质代谢过程中许多蛋白质的丰度,提示这些代谢途径和相关蛋白可能在笃斯越橘抗冻机制中起重要作用。     

Comparative proteomic analysis of lens in congenital inherited cataract mice

AIM: To separate total lens proteins of congenital inherited cataract in mice and to observe the alteration of proteins after gene mutation.METHODS: We studied the mice with a spontaneous mutation of crystallin gamma S (Crygs) transmitted as a recessive trait. Total proteins were extracted and separated using immobilized pH gradient (IPG), two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and colloidal Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining. The image analysis was carried out using PDQuest 7.30 software package. Several significantly differential proteins in gel were identified by matrix assisted laser adsorption/ionization-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS). RESULTS: As the 882 μg sample was added, we detected (417±53) spots and (370±41)spots in cataract and normal lens, respectively. As the 190 μg sample was loaded, we detected (60±7) spots and (57±5) spots in cataract and normal lens, respectively. Seven kinds of differential proteins were identified, including BFSP/filensin, γS, γF, βA1, βB1, βB2 and αB. In crystalline lens of mutant mice, γS and beaded-filament structure protein (BFSP/filensin) were not detected. γF was down-expressed (＜4 fold) while βA1, βB1, βB2 and αB were over-expressed (＞4 fold) in mutant cataract. The latter proteins were less MW than normal, suggesting that they were possibly truncated.CONCLUSION: 2-DE and mass spectrometry can help to assess and analyze the function of proteins as a novel approach. The mutant Crygs gene can lead to the abnormity of γS crystallin, which can induce the changes of skeletonal protein (BFSP/filensin) and other crystallins (γF, βA1, βB1, βB2 and αB), and then evoke cataract secondarily.     

Primary screening of stress protective proteins in heat-preconditioned fibroblast NIH-3T3

AIM：To establish stress adaptation model of mouse fibroblast cell line NIH-3T3 to analyze the effect of stress and adaptation on protein synthesis,and to screen for stress adaptation related proteins.METHODS：A stress-adapted cell model was established by thermal preconditioning (42 ℃,20 min).Total cytolytes were separated by 2-DE,analyzed by PDQUEST software,and the selected differential expression spots were detected by MOLDI-TOF.The effect of stress and adaptation on protein synthesis was studied.The stress adaptation related spots were identified by PMF.RESULTS：Comparative proteomics method by 2-DE was used to find different distributions of total proteins of heat stress group and thermal preconditioning group.Expression-increased protein spots were found almost limited in low molecular weight range in directly stress group,whereas expression-increased protein spots in thermal preconditioning group have more extensive molecular weight distribution.PMF results showed that tubulinβ,vimentin,eIF-4AI,Eno1 protein might be related to stress adaptation.CONCLUSION：2-DE analysis suggested,cell might favor to synthesize low small molecular weight protein to deal with hostile stress.Cellular protein storage might be increased by preconditioning,and may play a protection role during successive stress.The increased expression of tubulinβ，vimentin,eIF-4AI,Eno1 protein suggests that cytoskeletons,protein synthesis pathway and glycometabolism pathway may play an important role in stress adaption.     

Identification of proteins involved in insulin stimulation in v ascular smooth muscle cells of SHR rats

AIM:To identify proteins involved in insul in stimulation and the molecular mechanism of proliferation and migration in vas cular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).METHODS:A series of methods,including 2-D electrophoresis,PDQ uest software analysis of 2-DE gels,peptide mass fingerprinting based on matrix -assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TO F-MS) and SWISS-PROT database searching,were used to separate and identify the differentially expressed proteins.The difference of some proteins was proved by Western blotting.Proliferation and migration of VSMCs treated with insulin wer e also observed.RESULTS:DNA synthesis were increased in VSMCs.［3H］-thymidi ne incorporation in VSMCs from SHR (14.40±0.85) was higher than that in VSMCs from WKY (9.21±0.93,P<0.05).Migration rate of VSMCs from SHR was abou t 1.8 times higher than that in VSMCs from WKY (P<0.05).Image analysis re vealed that averages of protein spots detected were 502±32 and 612±39 in contr ol VSMCs and in cells treated with insulin,respectively.Result of western blo tting confirmed that α-SM protein was down-regulated and matrix Gla,OPN protei ns were up-regulated by insulin stimulation.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that the differential proteomic analysis may be useful to study related proteins involved in insulin-regulated p roliferation in VSMCs.     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Identification of serum differential proteins in colorectal adenoma and early malignantly transformed adenoma by proteomics

AIM: To investigate the associated proteins and sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between colorectal adenoma and early malignantly transformed adenoma. METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to define patterns of protein expressions of colorectal adenoma and early malignantly transformed adenoma. Proteins expressed differentially among groups were detected, cut out and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Two-dimensional protein maps of colorectal adenoma and early malignantly transformed adenoma were analyzed with gel-analysis software, an average of 1 672 spots in adenoma, 1 732 in early malignantly transformed adenoma were observed. 28 spots of a 1.5-fold change were found, including 15 proteins down-regulated and 13 up-regulated in early malignantly transformed adenoma, in which 23 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, the rate of identification was 82.14%. 13 differential proteins were attained, 8 were up-regulated and 5 were down-regulated, which was classified to 6 categories, including protease inhibitor, complement, immunoglobulin, keratoproteins, signal transduction protein and function-unknown proteins. CONCLUSION: The changes of serum proteins in early malignantly transformed adenoma from adenoma can be identified by proteomic technology. Proteins detected in the study may provide new biomarkers correlated with biological behavior of colorectal adenocarcinoma.     

番茄子叶总蛋白双向电泳体系的建立

通过对IPG胶条梯度、上样方式、上样量、聚焦条件等4方面条件的优化,建立了番茄子叶总蛋白双向电泳体系,即采用TCA丙酮沉淀法提取番茄子叶总蛋白,选用24 cm pH3-7NL的IPG胶条,采用水化上样,上样量300 μg,按聚焦程序Ⅰ或Ⅱ聚焦后进行双向电泳分离和银染染色。若采用制备胶,以获取高含量蛋白点,则将上样量提高至1.5 mg,按聚焦程序Ⅲ进行聚焦后进行双向分离,并采用胶体考马斯亮蓝染色。采用该优化的体系可以获得分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱。     

Gene and protein alterations in the hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy

AIM:To examine the expression profiles of both genes and proteins in hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) for revealing the molecular mechanisms of TLE and looking for the candidate targets and new therapeutic approaches in clinical practice.METHODS:Rat temporal lobe epilepsy was induced by administration of lithium chloride and pilocarpine (LiCl-PILO).The expression spectra of genes and proteins were constructed through the techniques of cDNA microarray,two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).Subsequently,the differentially expressed genes and proteins were identified and analyzed.RESULTS:There were 192 genes of differential expression observed in hippocampal tissues of LiCl-PILO-induced temporal lobe epilepsy,and 159 genes have been registered in Genbank database,in which 84 genes were up-regulated while 75 genes were down-regulated.78 protein spots of differential display were screened out,in which 31 proteins were detected to be down-regulated and 47 were up-regulated.Finally,5 proteins were identified.CONCLUSION:These genes and proteins found in our study may play pivotal roles in the pathogenic mechanisms of epilepsy and may promise new therapeutic targets for refractory epilepsy in the future.     

红果肉与白果肉杨梅花青苷和糖代谢途径的差异蛋白研究

 以红果肉杨梅‘大叶梅’和白果肉杨梅‘水晶’为研究材料,运用2-DE 和MALDI-TOF-TOF 质谱技术,比较分析两个品种成熟期果肉花青苷和糖代谢途径相关蛋白的差异表达,共获得41 个2 倍差 异表达蛋白,其中33 个差异蛋白得到质谱鉴定。与白果肉的‘水晶’相比,有3 个蛋白质在红果肉的‘大 叶梅’中特异表达,29 个蛋白质上调表达,1 个下调表达。将这些差异蛋白按照功能进行分类,大部分 涉及花青苷代谢（12%）、糖和能量代谢（30%）、蛋白质代谢（18%）、防御应答（15%）等生理过程。发 现花青素合酶（ANS）、苯基丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查尔酮合酶11（CHS11）、二磷酸尿核苷葡萄糖︰类 黄酮3–O–葡糖基转移酶（UFGT）是花青苷合成密切相关的关键酶,这些酶在红果肉的‘大叶梅’中 明显上调表达;同时,还发现9 个糖代谢相关蛋白在红果肉的‘大叶梅’中也显著上调表达。花青苷和 糖代谢途径关键蛋白对杨梅果肉花青苷合成和颜色的形成起到重要作用。     

Ischemia reperfusion-induced proteomic changes in rat skeletal muscle

AIM: To investigate ischemia reperfusion (I/R)-induced proteomic changes in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS: Healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups as follows (n=6): sham group and I/R group. I/R of right hind limb was induced by 4 h ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion. The 2-DE was applied to separate the proteins extracted from skeletal muscle tissue at the end of experiment, followed by Coomassie Brillant blue R-250 staining. Computer image analysis was used to determine the differential expression of proteins between the two groups, and 7 protein spots expressed differentially were picked out and subjected to in-gel digest and MALDI-TOP for identification. RESULTS: 354±13 proteins were detected and the match rate was (78.7±1.4)%. 10 proteins displayed significant changes after I/R, of which, 6 proteins increased and 3 proteins decreased in expression. Moreover, 2 spots in I/R group were observed, only 1 spots of which in control. 5 proteins were identified after mass spectrometry. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) precursor, heat shock 27 kD protein (HSP27), an unnamed protein product (increased in I/R group), α-actin (decreased in I/R group), and nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF-2) W7a mutant were found in I/R group. CONCLUSION: I/R injury induced differential proteomic changes in rat skeletal muscle. ALDH, α-actin and HSP27 expression, and NTF-2 mutation are involved in I/R injury.