NaCl胁迫下高羊茅生长及K+、Na+吸收与运输的动态变化

通过室内水培试验研究探讨了NaCl胁迫对高羊茅苗期生长及K 、Na 吸收与运输的影响及其随时间的变化.结果表明,高羊茅苗期的干物质重和分蘖数随盐分水平的升高而降低,且与NaCl浓度存在极显著的负相关关系(r=-0.990 2**);NaCl胁迫对高羊茅苗期茎叶生长的抑制作用大于对根系的影响;NaCl盐浓度的增加使高羊茅地上部干物质重、K 的相对含量、K / Na 、S K / Na 吸收降低,Na 的相对含量增高;胁迫时间对K 、Na 含量的影响显著.高羊茅根系对K 的吸收具有较高的选择性,吸收选择性系数S K / Na 吸收主要受环境盐分浓度的影响,但运输选择性系数S K / Na 运输却主要受胁迫时间的影响,且盐分阈值随胁迫和生长时间的增加而呈下降趋势.     

Ranking cows’ methane emissions under commercial conditions with sniffers versus respiration chambers

This study assessed the ranking of dairy cows using individual-level correlations for methane (CH₄) emission on-farm using sniffers and in respiration chambers. In total 20 lactating dairy cows, ten Holstein and ten Jerseys were recorded using sniffers installed in milking robots for three weeks of lactation and subsequently in respiration chambers (RC) where they were each recorded on three occasions within the RC. Bivariate linear mixed models were used to determine the individual-level correlations (r_I) between sniffer and RC phenotypes as proxies for genetic correlations. Despite differences in feeding and management, the predicted CH₄ production from sniffers correlated highly with RC CH₄ production r_I?=?0.77?±?0.18 and CH₄ breath concentration correlated nearly as well with RC CH₄ production r_I?=?0.75?±?0.20. These correlations between sniffers on-farm and RC demonstrate the potential of sniffers measurements as large-scale indicator traits for CH₄ emissions in dairy cattle.     

Evaluation of β‐carotene assimilation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius)

Although leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) are commonly kept under human care, their vitamin requirements are largely unknown. Many invertebrate preys display a low vitamin A concentration; thus, gut‐loading insects with vitamin A or carotenoids is a common practice. The objective of this prospective experimental study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation with β‐carotene, including prey gut‐loading, leads to sufficient vitamin A hepatic storage and prevents epithelial squamous metaplasia development in leopard geckos. Ten clinically healthy female leopard geckos were randomly divided in two groups with various supplementations: a group receiving vitamin A supplementation and a group receiving β‐carotene. Insects were gut‐loaded continuously with a supplement containing vitamin A or β‐carotene, depending on the group. Oral supplementation with cod liver oil or carrot juice was administered weekly to each lizard from “vitamin A group” and “carotenoid group” respectively. After 10 weeks of supplementation, surgical hepatic biopsies were obtained in three geckos of each group while the two remaining geckos were euthanized to undergo complete necropsy. Hepatic vitamin A concentration was determined for each lizard (n = 10) by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. Histopathology revealed hepatocellular vacuolization and vitellogenic follicles in five females. Epithelial squamous metaplasia was not observed in any of the geckos. Hepatic vitamin A concentration was significantly higher in the carotenoid‐supplemented group than in the vitamin A‐supplemented group (p = 0.03). Our results suggest that in leopard geckos, dietary supplementation with β‐carotene allows sufficient vitamin A hepatic storage.     

Determination and Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in the Soil from Beef Cattle Farms in Three Regions of Xinjiang

In order to study and evaluate the feeding environment of the beef cattle farms in Xinjiang, the contents of heavy mentals in the soil from 8 beef cattle farms in Xinjiang Aksu, Yili and Tacheng regions were tested according to the Field of Livestock and Poultry Environment Quality Standard (NY/T 388—1999).The atomic absorption spectroscopic method was used to determine the contents of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr.The mean contents of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr in 8 beef cattle farms soil were 0.389, 0.568, 22.708, 0.573 and 149.449 mg/kg, respectively, and they were all below the upper limit of NY/T 388—1999.The comprehensive heavy metal pollution index of 8 beef cattle farms were 0.577 to 0.994, and the index were 0.7 to 1 of two observation points in Yili and one observation point in Tacheng.The soil environment quality of these 3 farms were at the level of slight cleaning.The comprehensive heavy metal pollution index of other five observation points were ≤0.7, the soil environment was in a clean level.The soil environment of beef cattle farms in these three regions conformed to the standards of livestock for environment quality and safe products.     

茶树油粕中茶皂素的提取及其对果蔬采后致病菌的抑制作用

以从茶树油粕中提取茶皂素的得率为评价指标，研究提取溶剂、方法、时间、温度和料液比等因素对茶皂素得率的影响，并通过正交试验确定茶皂素最佳提取工艺条件，同时考察了所得茶皂素对几种果蔬采后致病菌的抑制作用。结果表明，茶树油粕中提取茶皂素的最佳工艺条件为：以75%乙醇作为提取溶剂，料液比1∶14（g/mL），85 ℃热回流提取2.5 h，茶皂素的得率达13.3%，经AB-8大孔吸附树脂纯化后，纯度达95.64%。所获茶皂素对胶胞炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）、灰葡萄孢霉（Botrytis cinerea）和链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）菌丝的生长均有显著的抑制作用，半最大效应浓度（EC50）值分别为203.62、165.87和550.61 mg·L-1，其中以对B. cinerea的抑制作用最强。     

7株根瘤菌菌株与热研2号柱花草共生最适磷浓度研究

采用水培的方法,设3个磷水平,7个菌株,通过对株高、茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重、固氮酶活性、茎叶氮含量、茎叶磷含量的测定及综合分析,确定使热研2号柱花草接种不同根瘤菌菌株达到最佳促生性能的磷浓度。结果表明:7个菌株在中磷时鲜重和含氮量最大,低磷不利于鲜重和含氮量的增加;经主因子综合分析,菌株YM11-1、RJS9-2、PN13-3在高磷时对热研2号柱花草有最好的固氮促生效果,菌株LZ3-2、BS1-1、PN13-3在中等磷条件下有最好的固氮促生效果,菌株FS3-1-1在高磷和中磷都有最好的固氮促生效果。     

钝化材料对农田土壤Cd形态及微生物群落的影响

为探讨钝化剂对土壤Cd生态风险和土壤微生物群落结构的影响，通过田间试验，在轻度Cd污染水稻田中施加钝化剂（海泡石、石灰、秸秆生物炭和螯合铁肥）开展相关研究。结果表明：施加钝化剂使土壤pH值提高0.17~1.29个单位，Cd的可交换态减少29.79%~64.48%。施加海泡石、石灰、秸秆生物炭使得微生物群落的多样性指数（ACE、Chao1、Shannon）增加，但螯合铁肥不利于微生物群落的生长，多样性指数均减少。土壤微生物群落随钝化剂的施加发生显著改变，变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门相对丰度有所增加，芽单胞菌门、绿弯菌门、螺旋体菌门相对丰度均降低。相关性分析表明，pH和Cd是影响微生物群落的关键因素，此外Cd形态也对微生物群落产生了影响。研究表明，施用钝化剂可降低土壤中重金属Cd的潜在生态风险，改变土壤微生物群落结构，使多种微生物群落得到抑制或增强。     

突发水污染风险评价与应急对策研究进展

突发水污染事故的频繁发生,严重威胁着水生态环境,使水生生物受到威胁,社会经济遭受损失,造成恶劣社会影响。因此在事故发生前进行风险识别与评价,并采取应急预防控制措施是减小事故危害的重要手段。本文采用文献调研法综述了以突发水污染风险识别为前提的风险评价与应急对策的研究现状及发展趋势,采取专家意见法提出环境风险受体量化分级依据。并采用类比法对突发水污染风险评价的方式进行归类,依据环境风险特征对应急对策进行研究。归纳出突发水污染风险源包括固定污染源及移动污染源两种,得出突发水污染风险评价包含3种方式:定性评价法、半定量评价法及定量评价法,构建了应急预案的预警指标体系,并按照反应时间流程对应急预案进行了梳理。未来突发水污染风险评价与应急对策将进一步拓展风险源识别,构建完善的评价技术规范体系。     

界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染调查与评价

为了解界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染现状和特征，制定相应的农业面源防控措施，对流域内农业面源污染情况进行了调查分析和评价。通过对该典型小流域内陶庙镇、王集镇、代桥镇、泉阳镇4个乡镇的11个行政村的农田污染源、养殖污染源及人居生活污染源进行实地走访，调查数据应用等标污染负荷法进行评价分析。结果表明，界首市泉河小流域内4个乡镇的农业面源污染排放源中，农田污染源的污染物总量和污染负荷率分别是17.44 t和4.68％；养殖污染物排放总量和污染源负荷分别是99.31 t和26.63％；生活源污染物的排放量和污染负荷率最大，分别达到256.19 t和68.69％；在COD、TN、TP 3个主要评价因子中，污染负荷率最高的是COD，达80.22％，TN污染负荷率为9.22％，TP的污染负荷率为10.56％；养殖业污染和人居生活污染源是界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染的主要来源，也是该小流域农业面源污染防控的重点。在治理该小流域农业面源污染时，应大力发展绿色、生态、循环农业，严格控制畜禽养殖污染，加大农村人居环境整治，强化政府在农业面源污染治理中的统筹引导作用等。