山羊胎期肺发育的形态学研究

对3～22周龄山羊胎儿肺进行了肉眼、光镜和透射电镜观察，结果表明：1．7～22周龄山羊胎儿肺的外部形态与胎龄无关，肺的外部形态以左二右四叶者为多见．肺的叶间裂和右肺副裂常不完整，以浆膜、肺组织或混合性组织(肺组织及浆膜)融合；2．山羊胎儿肺的发育分为5个时期：胚胎期(3～5周)肺芽分支形成主支气管，主支气管长度不断增长并萌芽出叶支气管，均衬以假复层柱状上皮。腺状期(6～12周)以支气管树发育为主，小支气管衬以假复层和／或单层柱状上皮；终蕾呈腺状，上皮细胞由假复层柱状逐渐变为单层柱状，胞核向细胞顶端移行；终蕾上皮细胞游离面可见短小的微绒毛；线粒体、粗面内质网及核糖体随着胎龄增加而逐渐增多，它们均位于细胞顶部。小管期(13～14周)以呼吸部发育为主，原始肺泡开始形成，呼吸性细支气管衬以未分化的立方上皮；终蕾腺状结构逐渐消失，终蕾上皮细胞由高矮不等的单层柱状上皮逐渐演变为立方形的原始肺泡上皮；细胞游离面可见较多的微绒毛，胞质内线粒体、粗面内质网及核糖体较发达。囊状期(第15周)呼吸部发育显著，肺内细支气管及其末端呈现出“充气”状态；部分原始肺泡上皮细胞分化为扁平的肺泡Ⅰ型细胞和立方形的肺泡Ⅱ型细胞；Ⅱ型细胞内出现嗜锇小体。肺泡期(16～22周)以肺泡的形成和分化为主，更多的肺泡上皮分化为扁平的肺泡Ⅰ型细胞和立方形的肺泡Ⅱ型细胞。此期，毛细血管内皮与部分肺泡上皮贴近，可将肺泡上皮细胞区分为3种：Ⅰ型细胞，呈矮柱状或椭圆形，胞质中有较明显的核糖体、扩张内质网及变性线粒体；形成了由Ⅰ型细胞一基膜一内皮细胞组成的气血屏障。Ⅱ型细胞，胞质内含丰富的嗜锇板层小体和核糖体，内质网扩张呈大小不一的泡状，多泡体出现，线粒体膨大变性，细胞游离面可见少数微绒毛。Ⅲ型细胞，为未分化细胞，呈立方形，胞体较小，胞核相对较大，呈圆或椭圆形，胞质少，呈带状．电子密度低，细胞器少。     

纳豆菌、甘露寡糖对仔猪肠道pH、微生物区系及肠黏膜形态的影响

选取144头18日龄断奶，体重5．6kg的杜大长三元杂仔猪，按体重和性别分成6个处理，每组3个重复，每重复8头仔猪，研究纳豆菌（Natto）和甘露寡糖（MOS）对早期断奶仔猪肠道pH、微生物区系和小肠黏膜形态的影响。结果为：（1）Natto、MOS均有降低仔猪肠道pH的趋势（P＞0．05），Natto与MOS联用时显著降低仔猪空肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠内容物的pH（P＜0．05）；（2）Natto提高了仔猪结肠内容物中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量（P＜0．05），提高结肠黏膜中乳酸杆菌数量（P＜0．05），MOS提高了仔猪结肠内容物和黏膜中乳酸杆菌数量（P＜0．05），2g／kg的MOS组使结肠内容物和黏膜中大肠杆菌数下降（P＜0．05）。Natto与MOS联用时内容物中大肠杆菌数量下降（P＜0．05），乳酸杆菌数量显著高于金霉素组（P＜0．05），黏膜中乳酸杆菌数量上升，大肠杆菌数下降，与空白组、金霉素组有显著差异（P＜0．05）；（3）Natto及联用组都显著提高了小肠黏膜的绒毛高度（P＜0．05），但处理组间隐窝深度没有显著差异（P＞0．05），Natto组、1g／kg的MOS组及联用组的绒毛高度／隐窝深度比值显著上升（P＜0．05）。试验说明，纳豆菌和甘露寡糖通过调节肠道内容物及黏膜中微生物区系，降低肠道pH，以维持仔猪肠黏膜正常的形态结构。     

Morphofunctional description of mucous cells in the gills of the Arapaimidae Arapaima gigas (Cuvier) during its development

The gill structure of the Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas (Cuvier 1829) shows ontogenetic changes during development, particularly due the transition from the aquatic to the obligatory air breathing mode of respiration. However, three main cell types can be found in the gills: mitochondrial rich cells, pavement cells and mucous cells (MCs). The MCs are involved in the secretory pathway. The functions of the secreted molecules include mechanical protection of epithelia, protection against parasites and bacterial infection, and role on ion regulation. In this study, we analysed mucous cell location and mucous cell type, based on pH, during the development of A. gigas. Using samples obtained from the environment, gills were collected and fixed in buffered solution. Histological techniques for the identification of MCs were performed Alcian Blue (AB) and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS). The results showed the presence of PAS+ and AB+ cells in the whole filament in all examined fish. In animals less than 50 g, few MCs were present, and no differences were observed in AB+ and PAS+ cells. In animals weighing close to 500 g, more PAS+ cells than AB+ cells were observed, and in animals that weighed more than 1,000 g, more AB+ cells than PAS+ cells were observed. These observations may be a result of the ontogenetic changes in the gill epithelia, which can change the osmorespiratory compromise in ion regulation functions as well the glycosaminoglycans secreted by PAS cells, which in large animals can play a role in the protection against parasites and bacterial infection.     

Effects of in ovo feeding of L‐arginine on the development of digestive organs,intestinal function and post‐hatch performance of broiler embryos and hatchlings

This study was to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) L‐arginine (Arg) solution on the development of digestive organs, the duodenal mucosa of broiler embryos and hatchlings, and the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weight were randomly allocated to three groups, consisting of eight replicates of 30 eggs each. Three treatments were arranged as non‐injected control, diluent‐injected (0.75% NaCl solution) group and Arg solution‐injected group containing 1% Arg, dissolved in diluent. At 17.5 days of incubation, 0.6 ml of IOF solution was injected into amniotic fluid of each egg of injected groups. Results showed IOF of Arg solution increased (p < .05) the chick embryo weight at 19 days of incubation; the body weight gain of post‐hatch broilers during 1–7 days; the weights of liver, pancreas, proventriculus and gizzard; the concentrations of duodenal ghrelin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon‐like peptide 2; and the duodenum mucosal enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, sucrase and inducible nitric oxide synthase of 7‐day‐old post‐hatch broilers compared with other groups. The IOF of Arg solution also increased (p < .05) the villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) and decreased (p < .05) the CD in duodenum of broiler embryos and post‐hatch hatchlings, except for the CD at 19 days of incubation. In conclusion, IOF of 1% Arg solution into the amnion at 17.5 days of incubation could improve the development of digestive organs, the duodenal morphology, the releasing of gastrointestinal hormones and mucosal enzyme activities of broiler embryos and hatchlings and finally the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. Therefore, IOF of appropriate Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in poultry industry.     

暖地泥炭藓(Sphagnum junhuhnianum)孢子形态及发育过程探讨

描述了暖地泥炭藓(Sphagnum junhuhnianum)孢蒴从翠绿色透明状球体历经黄绿色、淡褐色、褐色、具光泽的深咖啡色球体到最后喇叭状过程中孢子的形态特征.成熟孢蒴中孢子的数量(71 631±12 751)个.成熟孢子四面体结构清晰,极面观呈圆三角形,赤道面观呈近扇形,直径(23.27±1.05)μm,均出现三裂隙结构,唇状,稍细,长为极半径的2/3,裂隙表面布满疣状颗粒物,近极端三面凹陷无褶皱,分布少量疣状颗粒物,远端面不平整,布满疣状颗粒物.     

菱传粉生物学研究

以6 个菱品种为试材，对花器形态特征、群体花期及单花开花动态、开花时间、柱头可授性、花粉活力、杂交指数 及传粉形式等进行观察测定。结果表明：菱花单生，两性，单花花期15 h，群体花期在5～10 月，盛花期在7～8 月；不同 品种在一天中的开花高峰期存在差异；柱头可授期主要在萼片开裂后2 h 内，结实率在50% 以上；花粉在自然授粉条件下活 力可保持7.5 h；以自花授粉为主，同时存在一定程度的无融合生殖和少量异花授粉。     

番茄萼片形态性状遗传分析

【目的】探索番茄萼片形态性状的遗传规律,为番茄新品种选育过程中萼片形态性状选择提供依据。【方法】以萼片包被(TI1101-1,P_1)和萼片上卷番茄(J53,P_2)材料为亲本,构建4个世代P_1、P_2、F_1和F_2遗传群体,用游标卡尺对4个世代番茄萼片形态及其形态性状(萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度)进行测量和统计,从而对番茄萼片形态性状的遗传规律、中亲优势、遗传模型进行分析。【结果】番茄F_1代正反交萼片形态一致,均为基平,说明萼片形态的遗传属于细胞核遗传。在F_2代分离群体中,萼片形态包被、基平、上翘、上卷的分离比为1∶34.4∶9∶1.6,即不符合孟德尔遗传规律,属于数量性状。萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度的中亲优势率分别为3.55%,-6.77%,-9.90%,0.51%,-32.42%,-62.02%。同时,运用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传分析法对6个萼片形态性状测量值的分析得出:萼片长符合2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型(MX2-EAED-AD),萼片厚度、面积、卷曲度符合2对加性-主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型(MX2-ADI-AD),萼片宽度、上翘度符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(MX2-ADI-ADI)。萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度的主基因遗传率为42.59%～77.15%,多基因遗传率为0%～39.89%。【结论】该组合6个番茄萼片形态性状均受2对主基因控制,且主基因遗传率大于多基因遗传率,以主基因遗传为主。     

宛氏拟青霉提取物对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗的生理适应性

为探讨沙棘内生菌提取物作为生物刺激素对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长的影响，于沙棘内生菌宛氏拟青霉（Paecilomyces variotii）中提取了生物刺激素PVE（Paecilomyces variotii extracts），并经液相色谱对PVE的活性物质进行了富集纯化。通过水稻液培试验，设无盐（CK）、添加NaCl（NS）、添加PVE和NaCl（PN1）、添加PVE纯化物和NaCl（PN2）4个处理，研究生物刺激素对水稻的耐盐效应。结果表明，施用生物刺激素能够缓解盐胁迫对水稻生长造成的严重抑制。PN1、PN2处理较NS处理提高了叶片与根系的干质量，减少了植株体内的水分流失，增加了根系的直径和吸收面积，但根长相较于CK处理无显著差异；PN2处理叶片鲜质量、叶片含水量、根系含水量较PN1处理分别增加了12.44%、1.13%和0.42%。与NS处理相比，PN1和PN2处理叶片光合速率分别提高了34.08%和40.82%，蒸腾速率分别提高了23.90%和18.86%，PN1和PN2处理还显著提高了叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性，使丙二醛（MDA）含量分别降低了28.36%和20.97%。PN2处理叶片和根系中的Na⁺含量较NS处理分别降低了36.31%和10.85%，从而降低了Na⁺/K⁺，保证了植株体内的离子平衡。研究表明，PVE及PVE纯化物在极低的浓度下具有较高的生理活性，并通过减少水分流失、促进根系生长、提高光合速率来减轻氧化损伤，同时以降低Na⁺流入的方式缓解盐胁迫对水稻幼苗的影响。     

氮肥与密度互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响

为明确花生单粒精播适宜的氮肥水平和种植密度,本研究于2018年和2019年以‘花育22’为供试花生品种,设置3个氮肥水平(0 kg hm~(–2), N0; 60 kg hm~(–2), N1; 120 kg hm~(–2), N2), 3个种植密度(7.93万株hm~(–2), D1; 15.86万株hm~(–2),D2; 23.79万株hm~(–2), D3),采用二因素裂区试验设计,研究氮肥、密度及其互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响。氮肥对花生根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重的影响不显著,而密度的影响显著。单株根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而降低, D1显著高于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著;单位面积根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而增加, D1显著低于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著。氮肥和密度互作对2019年收获期单位面积根长、根表面积的影响显著,与D1相比, N1处理下D3的增幅显著高于N0和N2处理。氮肥及氮肥与密度互作对植株性状的影响存在年度和时期间的差异,主茎叶片数、侧枝数和主茎第一节间粗随密度增加有降低趋势。氮肥对荚果产量的影响不显著,荚果产量随密度的增加呈增加的趋势。产量与根体积、根干重、主茎叶片数、主茎高及侧枝长呈显著正相关。综上所述,在本试验条件下,花生单粒精播适宜的氮肥(N)水平为60 kg hm~(-2),种植密度为18.8万株hm~(-2)。     

Phenotypic Changes in Grain Sorghum Over the Last Five Decades

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a drought‐tolerant crop, and its productivity in rain fed environments has increased since the 1950s. This increase is due to changes in agronomic practices and hybrid improvement. The objective of this study was to determine what aspects of grain sorghum morphology, physiology and water use have changed with hybrid improvement and might have contributed to this yield increase. A 2‐year greenhouse experiment was conducted with one hybrid from each of the past five decades. The hybrids were studied in well‐watered and pre‐ and post‐flowering water deficit conditions. Total water use, transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis were measured during the growing period. Biomass and biomass components were measured at harvest. There was no consistent change in the leaf physiological parameters resulting from hybrid advancement. In contrast, total water use increased in rate of 8.5 cm³ kg soil^?1 year^?1 from old to new hybrids in the well‐watered treatments. Root biomass also increased in rate of 0.2 g plant^?1 year^?1. Leaf biomass and panicle length also was greater for the newest compared with the older hybrids. Hybrid advancement was related to increase in panicle length but decrease in peduncle length. Results indicated that hybrid development programmes created hybrids with improved drought avoidance, due to better root density of newly released hybrids, or hybrids with better resource use which ultimately increased yield under rain fed conditions.