Assessment of bulking strategies for RAPD analyses of flax germplasm

Effectiveness of several bulking strategies was empirically assessed in detecting RAPD variations and determining genetic relationships of five flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) landrace accessions. Bulking ten individuals before and after DNA isolations generated consistent RAPD variations. About 30% of the polymorphic RAPD loci observed in the plant-by-plant (PBP) sample were difficult to score and/or undetected in the bulked samples of the same accession. Heterogeneity among the six bulked samples of the same accession was observed at 5.6% of the loci scored. The frequency of a specific RAPD band present in those individuals used to form a bulk was at least 1/11 for its detection in the bulked sample. In spite of these limitations, bulking still generated compatible genetic relationships of the five accessions from its PBP sampling.     

Phenotypic diversity analysis of grain yield and yellow pigment content in germplasm collected from Iranian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) landraces

This study was undertaken to compare patterns of agronomic characters and yellow pigment content diversity between Iranian durum landraces and modern varieties. In four field experiments, a collection of 127 accessions of landraces and 23 modern cultivars tetraploid wheat representing Iranian and global genetic diversity were tested under optimum and rain-fed conditions. Across the environments, the yellow pigment concentrations ranged from 1.85 mg kg^?1 to 8.95 mg kg^?1 in the field-grown samples. Multivariate analysis detected five groups, four including landraces and one comprising modern cultivars. As a group, modern cultivars were the most productive and showed high mean values for harvest index, grains per spike and yellow pigment, but they had the lowest plant height. Landraces had the highest mean number of spikes per m² and 1000-kernel weight, but were characterized by low plant height and yellow pigment content. Clustering analysis also showed that, based on yield and yellow pigment content, the accessions in different groups were of different origins, suggesting that there was no clear relationship between accessions and geographical diversity. According to our results, Iranian landraces can be particularly useful as germplasm in breeding programmes to improve spikes per m² and 1000-kernel weights.     

基于SSR标记的云南地方稻种群体内遗传多样性分析

 用20对SSR引物对原产于云南的16份地方稻种和2份选育品种进行单个品种群体内的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,87.5%的地方品种群体内SSR多态性高于选育品种,而12.5%的地方品种群体内SSR标记多态性与选育品种相近。81.2%的地方稻种群体内的等位基因数(Na)和Nei基因遗传多样性指数(He)高于选育品种,而18.8%的地方品种群体内Na和He与选育品种相同或略小。水稻地方稻种群体内He的差异较大,其变异范围为0.0146～0.5117,其中,黄板所 1（1980年收集）、黄板所 2（2007年收集）、麻线谷 1（1980年收集）、麻线谷 2（2007年收集）的群体内遗传多样性较高,分别为0.2327、0.4214、0.5117和0.4489。87.5%地方品种的杂合度(Ho)明显高于选育品种;地方品种群体间遗传多样性差异很大,其中1/4的遗传差异来源于地方稻种群体内,差异极显著。RM333、RM257和RM180在供试云南地方稻种群体内的多态性、等位基因数、多样性指数和变异百分率均较高,适用于云南地方稻种群体内遗传多样性检测。     

西南高原生态区玉米地方品种抗病性鉴定

为明确西南高原生态区玉米地方品种的抗病性,采用人工接种的方法,对90份玉米地方品种进行大斑病、小斑病和锈病的抗病性鉴定。结果表明,参试品种中具有丰富的抗病资源,高抗锈病的有5份,高抗小斑病的有13份,抗大斑病的有26份,兼抗(含高抗、抗和中抗)3种病害的有32份。可见,西南玉米地方品种有大量抗病种质资源,值得进一步改良利用。     

四川花生地方品种主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为明确四川省地方花生品种资源的遗传多样性及特征,以四川省100份地方花生品种为试验材料,参照《花生种质资源描述规范和数据标准》测试获得了生育期、主茎高和百果重等主要农艺性状的数据。结果表明,在考察的14个性状中,变异幅度最大的是二次分枝数(54.12%),变异幅度最小的是生育期(0.99%)。多样性指数最高的是主茎高度2.99,最小的是生长期0.19。采用Ward法对四川省地方花生品种进行聚类,在遗传距离阈值为5时,将其分为3个类群,均以密枝亚种为主。其中Ⅰ类群分布有7份珍珠豆型材料,Ⅲ类群分布有9份珍珠豆型材料,同一地理来源的多个地方品种交叉出现在这3个群体中。表明四川地方花生品种的遗传关系与所属类型和区域来源无关,但花生品种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。研究可在提高地方品种的有效利用率同时,为花生育种提供理论基础和优质亲本材料。     

西南地区白玉米地方种质资源分布及遗传多样性

通过表型性状结合的主成分分析,SSR标记分析和群体结构分析,对50个西南地区白玉米地方品种的种质资源分布及遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,白玉米地方品种农艺性状表现出很大差异,主成分聚类将其分为7个类群,大部分品种聚在一个群内,但也有少数品种单独成类;利用筛选出来的51对扩增条带清晰,具有明显多态性的SSR引物,共检测到 515个多态性位点,SSR位点的平均多态性位点数为10.1个,每个位点的等位基因数为 5~19个,平均为12个,多态信息量(PIC)分布范围为0.764～0.958,平均为0.885,遗传相似系数变幅在0.574～0.840,平均为0.684,标记索引指数(MI)分布范围为3.820～18.208,平均值为9.775。SSR分析将所选品种分为8类,且84%的组合集中在前三大类。从地方品种来源地分析来看,地理位置相似或接近的地方品种大多两两成类,遗传相似系数很高,而群体结构分析显示,白玉米地方品种的群体结构受其地理环境气候的影响。少数地方品种较独立,可以进一步从种质资源方面研究利用。     

云南地方老品种水稻中恢复基因位点遗传差异分析

目前生产上使用的水稻恢复系之间的遗传基础过于狭窄,应积极开发水稻新恢复系的选育工作。云南地理气候条件特殊,地方老品种资源丰富,是筛选新恢复系的理想材料。以61份云南地方老品种水稻资源为父本,通过测交筛选到6份可以恢复野败型不育系的品种。再利用5对特异引物,对这6份恢复材料和7份恢复系的恢复基因位点遗传差异进行分析。结果表明：5对特异引物对6份恢复材料的扩增结果各不一样,而与对照恢复系仅有2.8 kb的一条扩增带型一致。说明云南地方老品种水稻中蕴藏的恢复基因与目前生产上应用的恢复基因的亲缘关系较远。从云南地方老品种水稻中发掘利用新型恢复基因和资源,是突破水稻恢复基因遗传基础狭窄、筛选新质源恢复系的一种有效策略。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种的微卫星分析

 采用45对SSR引物对224份太湖流域粳稻地方品种进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到162个等位变异,每个位点等位基因数的变幅为2～7,平均为3.6。各位点Nei基因多样性指数变异较大,为0.009（RM169）～0.663（RM444）,平均为0.197。青稻、黄稻、红稻和白稻各传统生态型均具较低的遗传多样性。分子方差分析表明,SSR遗传变异绝大部分存在于传统生态型内。青稻与红稻间、青稻与白稻、红稻与白稻、红稻与黄稻间遗传分化显著。太湖流域粳稻地方品种SSR多样性较低,稀有类型等位基因较多。这对科学制定太湖粳稻地方资源的保护和利用策略具有指导意义。     

Genetic polymorphisms in Japanese fragrant landraces and novel fragrant allele domesticated in northern Japan

Rice fragrance is an important characteristic for Southeast Asian consumers, and fragrant landraces from Japan were first recorded in the 17th century. Principal component analysis clearly showed that Japanese fragrant landraces were genetically different from non-Japanese fragrant landraces. Japanese fragrant landraces were composed of six clades, none of which carried the most common fragrance mutation, an 8-bp deletion in exon 7 of Badh2. Fragrant landraces comprised two major groups carrying different Badh2 mutations. One group carried a known SNP at exon13 and the other a SNP at the exon1-intron1 junction as splicing donor site. The latter was considered to be a potential splicing mutant group as a novel allele at Badh2. Heterozygosity (He) scores in the two fragrant groups were not significantly different from non-fragrant landraces and modern cultivars. However, lower He scores were found around the Badh2 locus in the two groups. The potential splicing mutant group showed a more extended haplotype than the E13 SNP group. A likely causal factor responsible for loss of function is a novel splicing mutation allele that may have been generated quite recently. The fragrance allele has dispersed as a result of out-crossing under local environmental conditions.     

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Novel Salt-Tolerant Rice Germplasms from the Philippines and Bangladesh

To screen for new sources of salinity tolerance, 688 traditional rice varieties from the Philippines and Bangladesh were obtained, and their tolerance to hypersaline conditions at the seedling stage was examined. A total of 29 Philippine lines and 15 Bangladeshi lines were scored as salt-tolerant.Morphological assessment(plant height, biomass and Na-K ratio) revealed that among the 44 salt-tolerant accessions, Casibon, Kalagnon and Ikogan had significantly higher relative shoot length difference, relative shoot growth reduction and shoot Na-K ratio than the tolerant check FL478.Additionally, AC and Akundo exhibited significantly higher Na-K ratios than the other genotypes. The genetic diversity of the 44 genotypes was assessed using 34 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 133 alleles were detected across all loci. Cluster analysis showed that AC, Akundo and Kuplod were clustered along with FL478, indicating a strong genetic relatedness between these genotypes. IR29(susceptible check) was singly separated. The haplotype analysis revealed that none of the 44 genotypes had a similar allele combination as FL478. These accessions are of interest since each genotype might be different from the classical salinity-tolerant Pokkali.