Genetic contribution of Chinese landraces to the development of sorghum hybrids

The origin of sorghum hybrids developed in China in the past several decades was analyzed in order to assess genetic contribution of Chinese landraces (Kaoliang) to the sorghum hybrids, to evaluate the genetic diversity existing in the A-lines and R-lines mainly used in breeding programs, and to outline a proper strategy for the future development of sorghum improvement. Basically, Chinese sorghum landraces have played an important role in the development of R-lines while foreign germplasm have played an essential role in the development of A-lines. Because cytoplasmic male-sterility has not been certainly found in Chinese sorghum, cytoplasmic and nuclear genetic backgrounds of A-lines will continue to depend on foreign sorghum types in the future. Genetic diversification including cytoplasmic diversification has to be a priority in future hybrid breeding and production. To obtain superior hybrid vigor, Chinese sorghum germplasm will have to play a more important role in hybrid breeding programs in the future. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Crossability of tetraploid wheat landraces native to Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang provinces, China with rye

The crossability percentages of 131 landraces of wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) native to Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang provinces of China with rye (Secale cereale L.) were tested. 45 landraces showed crossability percentages higher than 5% with 5 landraces expressing crossability percentages over 60%. The geographical distribution of crossability of these tetraploid wheat landraces was reported. Some utilization of high crossability resources was also discussed.     

蚂蚱麦和小白麦衍生系的遗传多样性分析

陕西关中蚂蚱麦和山西平遥小白麦是我国北方小麦品种的原始骨干亲本,解析蚂蚱麦和小白麦及其衍生系的遗传多样性对于小麦品种改良具有重要的参考意义。本研究利用小麦660KSNP芯片对蚂蚱麦、小白麦及其衍生品种(系)进行全基因组扫描,分析其遗传多样性。结果表明,小麦3个基因组的多态性SNP标记数为BAD,第4同源群的多态性标记数最少, 149份供试材料基因多样性(H)范围为0.095～0.500,平均值为0.336;核苷酸多样性指数(π)范围为0.272～0.435,平均值为0.340;而遗传相似系数(GS)变幅为0.335～0.997,平均值达0.619,表明蚂蚱麦和小白麦衍生系的遗传多样性较低。聚类分析表明蚂蚱麦和小白麦紧密地聚在亚群I,其衍生品种(系)分为5个亚群,其中2000年以前以蚂蚱麦或小白麦的单一衍生系为主,分在亚群I、II、III, 2000年以后多数品种同时拥有蚂蚱麦和小白麦血缘,分在亚群IV、V,遗传多样性较高,且与大面积推广品种聚为一类。因此,应加强优异基因资源导入,拓宽小麦品种的遗传基础,最终提高育种水平。     

利用InDel标记解析中国花生地方品种的遗传多样性与群体结构

为揭示InDel标记对我国地方花生品种遗传多样性和遗传结构的解析能力，本研究利用13个多态性InDel 标记检测4个典型生物学类型的90份中国花生地方品种材料。共扩增出42的等位基因，平均3个；Nei’s多样性指数 变幅为0.011~0.705，平均0.443；Shannon’s信息指数变幅为0.034~1.497，平均0.758。龙生型、普通型、珍珠豆型与多 粒型花生的Nei’s遗传多样性指数分别为0.3198、0.4407、0.4435和0.4372，结果表明龙生型的遗传多样性明显小于其 它生物学类型。种质间的遗传相似系数范围为0.077 ~ 1.000，平均为0.636；且普通型与龙生型花生之间遗传相似系 数最高，为0.636。群体分析结果表明密枝亚种与疏枝亚种、不同植物学类型之间遗传分化较小，且普通型与珍珠豆 型遗传结构相似，龙生型与多粒型花生遗传结构不同。利用非加权平均法（UMPGA）聚类分析将90份花生材料划分 为两类（G1、G2）,其中G1包括全部的龙生型、61.90%的普通型以及20.00%的珍珠豆型。本研究结果表明InDel标记 能够有效地揭示栽培种花生的遗传变异，可为花生杂交亲本的选择以及优异基因的挖掘提供重要参考。     

Genetic analysis of prolificacy in “Sikkim Primitive”—A prolific maize (Zea mays) landrace of North‐Eastern Himalaya

Prolificacy assumes significance for development of high‐yielding baby corn hybrids. “Sikkim Primitive” is a native landrace of North‐Eastern Himalaya, and is the highest prolific maize germplasm. So far, the genetics of prolificacy in “Sikkim Primitive” has not been deciphered. Here, a prolific inbred (MGU‐SP‐101) developed from “Sikkim Primitive” was crossed with four non‐prolific inbreds viz., LM13, BML7, HKI161 and HKI1128. Six generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁P₁ and BC₁P₂) of the crosses were evaluated at two locations during rainy season 2018. MGU‐SP‐101 possessed 2.50–3.78 ears per plant compared to 1.06–1.86 among non‐prolific inbreds. The variation for ears was the highest in F₂s (1–8), followed by BC₁P₁ (1–7) and BC₁P₂ (1–5). The quantitative inheritance pattern of prolificacy with prevalence of non‐allelic interactions of duplicate epistasis type has been observed. Dominance × dominance effect was predominant over additive × additive and additive × dominance effects. Total number of major gene blocks ranged from 0.41 to 2.86, thereby suggesting the involvement of at least one major gene/QTL governing the prolificacy. This is the first report of genetic dissection of prolificacy in “Sikkim Primitive”.     

玉米地方品种‘沃日黄’与‘沃30’重组后代配合力分析

为了评价‘沃30’与‘沃日黄’优株重组选系对配合力的改良效果及重组后代的育种潜势,探索地方品种优异基因发掘与利用新方法。以5个西南区骨干系及5个外引系为测验种,以‘沃30’及8个重组系为被测系（分别为‘W1’、‘W2’、‘W3’、‘W4’、‘W5’、‘W6’、‘W7’和‘W8’）,采用NCⅡ设计,对‘沃30’与8个重组系进行配合力及杂种优势分析。结果表明：被测系间株高、穗位高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、秃尖长、出籽率与单株产量等主要性状GCA差异显著或极显著;单株产量GCA效应值为‘W1’>‘W2’>‘W8’>‘沃30’>‘W4’>‘W5’>‘W3’>‘W6’>‘W7’;重组系‘W1’、‘W2’及‘W8’综合性状GCA效应值显著高于‘沃30’,具有较好的育种潜势。‘沃30’与‘沃日黄’优株混粉重组可以重新渗入并聚集初次选系过程中丢失的优良基因,获得更高配合力的重组系,利于优异地方种质的发掘与利用。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Peanut in Low-Fertile Tropical Soil. I. Host-Fungus Compatibility

The effects of inoculation with an indigenous Mozambican and a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculant on two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, a traditional, low-yielding Mozambican landrace (Local) and a modern, high-yielding cultivar (Falcon), were tested in a non-sterile and low-fertile Mozambican soil. Host-fungus compatibility was determined as a percentage of root colonization in combination with the effects on plant-growth parameters, nodulation, and yield. Mycorrhizal colonization increased with inoculation, particularly in cultivar Falcon with the commercial inoculant. The differences in root colonization were reflected in plant growth responses as changes in leaf and root biomass, leaf-area ratio, nodulation, and yield components. The peanut landrace Local seemed to be more compatible with the indigenous AM fungi, whereas the modern cultivar Falcon responded best to the commercial inoculant. The results encourage the use of mycorrhizae as a biological tool for increasing production of peanut in low-fertile tropical soils. Inoculation may compensate for low soil fertility, particularly for cultivars that are bred for high yields, are under high fertilization, and are not adapted to the indigenous AM fungi. For peanut landraces, on the other hand, adequate management of the indigenous AM potential seems to be a more appropriate course.     

水稻地方品种不同品系对田间稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性的影响

‘月亮谷’是云南元阳梯田种植面积最大的地方籼稻品种,种植历史逾百年仍保持对稻瘟菌较稳定的田间抗性,我们猜测其原因与‘月亮谷’-稻瘟菌的群体互作有关。为此,本研究采用群体遗传学研究方法,利用稻瘟菌16对SSR引物,对从‘月亮谷’不同单粒传纯系、‘月亮谷’自然群体、现代品种‘合系22-2’及云南元阳哈尼梯田环境中分离到的稻瘟菌进行遗传多样性分析,以了解不同‘月亮谷’纯系对稻瘟菌群体遗传结构的影响。结果显示,来源于梯田环境的稻瘟菌与不同水稻品种(系)的稻瘟菌群体遗传结构差异明显,梯田环境：Ht=0.160 3,I=0.323 8;水稻寄主群体：Ht=0.092 9,I=0.200 9。而且,分离自不同水稻品种(系)的稻瘟菌群体遗传结构差异也较大,Shannon’s遗传多样性指数、Nei基因多样性指数和PIC的总体趋势是：‘月亮谷’感病纯系(L4、L3)>‘月亮谷’自然群体(G5)>‘月亮谷’抗病纯系(L1、L2)>‘合系22-2’(H6)。基于neighbor-joining的聚类分析发现,从环境(Y)中挑选的30株稻瘟菌和6个不同水稻寄主材料上分离到的稻瘟菌群体在相同相似...     

云南地方稻核心种质孕穗期耐冷性及其地理分布

 以云南16个地州和5个稻作区为单位，对477份云南稻种核心种质进行了耐冷性鉴定及其地理分布研究。结果表明：（1）低温条件下花药长与结实率呈极显著正相关（0.588[sup]**[/sup]），温室条件下两者关系不大（0.080）。（2）低温条件下不同稻作区云南稻种核心种质孕穗期耐冷性差异较大，滇西北高寒粳稻区的稻种核心种质孕穗期耐冷性最强，南部边缘水陆稻区最弱。而温室条件下基本未受到冷害，结实率接近或超过70%。因此，耐冷育种目标和品种因稻区而异。（3）低温条件下不同地州云南稻种核心种质孕穗期耐冷性差异十分明显，而温室条件下基本未受到冷害，结实率均大于65%。根据稻种核心种质的结实率降低率及其地州间的自然气候差异，可将16个地州划分为重冷害区、冷害区和轻冷害区。（4）不同稻作区或不同地州间云南稻种核心种质孕穗期耐冷性的差异，进一步揭示了由海拔和纬度差异引起的温度变化不仅是籼粳分化的主导因子,也是造成籼粳两个亚种六大生态群之间差异和云南稻种遗传多样性大的根本原因，同时也是耐冷基因形成的关键因素，孕穗期耐冷性是云南地方稻种与地州或稻作区低温长期协同进化的结果。     

贵州地方山羊品种肌肉生长抑制素基因的表达差异

为了解贵州地方山羊肌肉生长抑制素基因(Myostatin)的表达部位及组织分布模式,比较各组织中Myostatin基因表达的品种间差异,以β-actin作为内参基因,应用Taq Man实时荧光定量方法检测了黔东南小香羊、贵州白山羊、贵州黑山羊、黔北麻羊等贵州地方山羊品种以及南江黄羊的肝、肾、心、肺、背最长肌、半膜肌、皮下脂肪组织中Myostatin基因mRNA的表达水平。结果显示:肝和皮下脂肪中Myostatin基因的表达水平较高,肾和肺次之,半膜肌、背最长肌和心等肌肉组织中的表达水平相对较低;而半膜肌和背最长肌中Myostatin基因的表达水平高于心肌。肝和皮下脂肪Myostatin基因的表达在各品种间差异不显著;心、肺、肾、背最长肌和半膜肌中Myostatin基因的表达,贵州白山羊显著高于黔东南小香羊和黔北麻羊;肺、背最长肌和半膜肌中,Myostatin基因的表达贵州白山羊显著高于贵州黑山羊和南江黄羊。可见,贵州地方山羊心、肝、肺、肾、背最长肌、半膜肌和皮下脂肪中均有Myostatin基因表达,其组织表达水平总体为肝和皮下脂肪肾和肺半膜肌、背最长肌和心(肌),且多数组织中Myostatin基因的表达存在品种差异。